Genomic Insights into the 2024 HAdV-14p1 Strain in China: Traced to Early Prevalent Strains

Yali Jin¹, Jiangxia Wang², Naiying Mao¹, Chunyu Zhu¹, Haiqing Zhou¹, Weiyan He¹, Hao Ding¹, Baicheng Xia¹, Aili Cui¹, Yan Zhang¹, Zhen Zhu^1,#, Hongmei Xu^2,#

1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Zhen Zhu, zhuzhen@ivdc.chinacdc.cn; Hongmei Xu, xuhongm0095@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn.

Human adenovirus type 14 variant p1 (HAdV-14p1) has been associated with severe respiratory infections worldwide. However, no cases of HAdV-14p1 infection have been reported in China since 2019. HAdV-14 was unexpectedly identified in 2024 in a pediatric patient hospitalized with bronchopneumonia in Chongqing, China. This study aims to elucidate the genetic characteristics of this strain and determine its phylogenetic relationship with previously circulating domestic and international strains. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the HAdV-14 strain Chongqing2024-115, followed by comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic variation analyses using all publicly available global HAdV-14 genome sequences from the GenBank database. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis classified global HAdV-14 strains into two well-supported clades: the HAdV-14 prototype clade and the variant HAdV-14p1 clade. The latter was further subdivided into three distinct subclades (I–III). Chongqing2024-115 clustered closely with earlier HAdV-14p1 subclade III and isolates from Beijing (2012) and Gansu (2013), showing high sequence identity (99.7%–99.9%). Compared with the genome of the HAdV-14 prototype strain (de Wit, AY803294), all three HAdV-14p1 subclades shared 99 specific nucleotide variations, including a six-nucleotide deletion in the knob domain of the fiber gene (nt751–756). The identification of subclade-specific variations and mutations unique to strain Chongqing2024-115 indicates ongoing microevolution within the HAdV-14p1 clade. Our results confirm that the contemporary HAdV-14p1 strain shares a common genetic ancestry with earlier Chinese subclade III strains. Considering the association between HAdV-14p1 and severe disease, sustained surveillance is essential to understand better its prevalence, evolution, and impact on public health in China.

2024 年中国人腺病毒 14p1 的基因组特征分析：可溯源至早期流行株

靳亚丽¹，王江峡²，毛乃颖¹，朱春羽 ¹，周海清¹，何维燕¹，丁昊¹，夏百成¹，崔爱利¹，张燕¹，朱贞^1,#，许红梅^2,#

1.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所，国家卫生健康委员会医学病毒与病毒病重点实验室，传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，北京，中国；

2.重庆医科大学附属儿童医院感染科，重庆，中国。

^# 通信作者: 朱贞，zhuzhen@ivdc.chinacdc.cn；许红梅，xuhongm0095@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn。

人腺病毒14p1变异株（HAdV-14p1）在全球范围内已被证实与严重呼吸道感染相关。但自2019年以来，中国无相关感染病例的报道。值得注意的是，2024年在中国重庆一例因支气管肺炎住院的患儿中检出HAdV-14。本研究旨在阐明该病毒株的基因组特征，并明确其与国内外既往流行株的系统发育关系。对Chongqing2024-115病毒株开展全基因组测序，同时从GenBank数据库中下载的所有HAdV-14基因组序列，进行全面的系统发育和遗传变异分析。基于全基因组序列的系统发育分析可将全球HAdV-14毒株划分为两个进化支：HAdV-14原型株进化分支和HAdV-14p1变异株进化分支。后者可进一步划分为3个独立的亚进化分支（I-III）。Chongqing2024-115株与先前北京（2012年）和甘肃（2013年）流行的HAdV-14p1-III毒株紧密聚集，显示出高度的序列一致性（99.7–99.9%）。与HAdV-14原型株（de Wit, AY803294）的基因组序列相比，3个HAdV-14p1亚进化分支毒株共享99个特异性核苷酸变异，其中包括Fiber基因Knob结构域的6个核苷酸缺失（nt751-756）。分支特异性变异及Chongqing2024-115毒株特有突变的检出，表明HAdV-14p1进化分支内部存在持续的微进化。本研究证实，当前流行的HAdV-14p1毒株与中国既往流行的HAdV-14p1-III毒株具有共同的遗传祖先。鉴于HAdV-14p1与重症疾病的关联，开展持续性监测对于深入了解该毒株在我国的的流行规律、进化特征及其对公共卫生的影响至关重要。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.033

Integrated Risk Matrix and Borda Count Analysis on Importation Risk Assessment of Nipah Virus Infection — China, 1999–2026

Weijing Shang^1,2; Qiwen Zheng^1,2,#

1. China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China;

2. Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .

^# Corresponding author: Qiwen Zheng, zhengqw@big.ac.cn.

Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a highly fatal zoonosis lacking effective countermeasures, posing a persistent threat to global health security; its re-emergence in India in early 2026 has further amplified these concerns. However, the risk of NiV importation into China remains unclear. This study employed an integrated risk matrix and Borda count method, driven by multisectoral data including epidemiological parameters, civil aviation flux, customs import trade, and geographical adjacency. Importation risk was evaluated across two dimensions: likelihood and consequences. The Borda count method was subsequently utilized to rank the comprehensive risks among identified endemic countries. Importation risk from five countries experiencing NiV outbreaks between 1999 and 2026 was evaluated by scoring and ranking both likelihood and consequences. India and Bangladesh presented moderate importation risk to China, achieving the highest Borda points among South and Southeast Asian nations. Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore demonstrated low importation risk. Countries with documented NiV outbreaks represent potential sources of importation to China, where stochastic viral entry poses a persistent threat in an increasingly interconnected world. Continuous multi-source surveillance coupled with dynamic risk modeling is therefore essential for safeguarding national biosecurity.

基于风险矩阵与Borda序值法综合评估尼帕病毒感染输入风险 — 中国，1999–2026年

商伟静^1,2  郑启文^1,2,#

1. 国家生物信息中心，北京，中国；

2.中国科学院北京基因组研究所，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：郑启文，zhengqw@big.ac.cn。

尼帕病毒感染是一种病死率高的人兽共患病，目前尚无特异性疫苗或治疗药物，对全球公共卫生安全构成了持续威胁。2026年初该病毒在印度的再次暴发进一步引发了国际社会的高度关注。然而，尼帕病毒感染输入中国的风险目前尚不明确。本研究利用流行病学参数、民航客流量、海关进口贸易额及地理邻近度等多源数据，采用风险矩阵与Borda序值法相结合的综合评估模型开展研究。从可能性和后果严重性两个维度，评估既往发生尼帕病毒感染疫情国家对中国的输入风险，并利用Borda序值法对总体风险进行排序。本研究对1999年至2026年间报告尼帕病毒感染疫情的5个国家进行了输入风险评分与排序。结果显示，印度和孟加拉国对中国的输入风险为中等，Borda分值最高。马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡为低输入风险国家。既往发生尼帕病毒感染疫情的5个国家对中国均存在输入风险。在全球化背景下，病毒的“随机性”输入风险仍不容忽视。因此，开展持续的多源监测与动态风险评估对于及时识别输入风险、维护国家生物安全至关重要。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.035

Retrospective Analysis of the Molecular Links Among Clustered Cases of Acinetobacter baumannii Nosocomial Infections Occurring in Different Years within the ICU — Jiangsu Province, China, 2016–2021

Xiaosong Wu^1,&;  Jingjing Fan^2,&;  Liye Huang^3,&;  Yiping Mao⁴;  Yang Wang⁵;  Yiming Shen²;  Huimin Qian², Lumei Wang³, Xiaobin Wang⁴, Tingting Ni³, Li Liang³, Shanshan Ye¹, Chenxue Zhu¹, Jun Bi³, Jianming Wang^1,#, Yan Xu^1,2,6,#

1. Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety and Emergency Prevention and Control Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu Province, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China;

2. Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China;

3. Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China;

4. Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China;

5. Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China;

6. National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.

^& Joint first authors.

^# Corresponding author: Yan Xu, xuyan@jscdc.cn; Jianming Wang, jmwang@njmu.edu.cn.

To investigate the molecular epidemiological links among clustered cases of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) nosocomial infections occurring in different years within an intensive care units (ICU) in Jiangsu Province, China and identify gaps in infection control in multibed ICU settings. A retrospective study was conducted on five clusters of CRAB infections in 2016, 2019, and 2021. Twenty clinical and forty environmental A. baumannii isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for molecular typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for resistance profiling. PFGE revealed high genetic similarity (>90%) among clinical and environmental isolates from 2016, 2019, and 2021, indicating the persistent environmental transmission of CRAB over multiple years. All patient-derived strains were CRAB strains. No homologous strains were detected after thorough disinfection of the terminals in 2021. CRAB demonstrated remarkable environmental persistence in ICUs, suggesting limitations in current disinfection practices. Enhanced disinfection strategies targeting high-touch complex surfaces are necessary to interrupt CRAB transmission and reduce nosocomial outbreaks.

重症监护室内不同年份发生的鲍曼不动杆菌院内感染聚集性病例分子关联的回顾性分析 —江苏省，中国， 2016–2021年

吴晓松^{1, &}, 范晶晶^{2, &}, 黄立业^3,&, 茅一萍⁴, 汪洋⁵, 沈益鸣², 钱慧敏², 王路梅³, 王晓滨⁴, 倪婷婷³, 梁丽³, 叶珊珊¹, 朱陈雪¹, 毕俊³, 王建明^1,#, 徐燕^1,2,6,#

1公共卫生学院，江苏省高等教育机构公共卫生安全与应急防控技术重点实验室，全球健康中心流行病学教研室，南京医科大学，南京市，江苏省，中国；

2江苏省疾病预防控制中心，南京市，江苏省，中国；

3徐州市疾病预防控制中心，徐州市，江苏省，中国；

4徐州医科大学附属医院，徐州市，江苏省，中国；

5苏州市疾病预防控制中心，苏州市，江苏省，中国；

6国家卫生健康委员会肠道病原微生物学重点实验室，南京市，江苏省，中国。

^& 共同第一作者。

^# 通信作者：徐燕，xuyan@jscdc.cn；王建明，jmwang@njmu.edu.cn。

探讨江苏省某医院重症监护病房（ICU）中，不同年份发生的耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）医院感染聚集性案例的分子流行病学关联，识别多床位ICU环境中感染控制的薄弱环节。采用回顾性研究方法，收集2016、2019和2021年共5起CRAB医院感染聚集事件中分离的20株临床菌株和40株环境菌株。通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行分子分型，结合抗菌药物敏感性试验（AST）分析菌株耐药性。PFGE分析显示，2016年、2019年和2021年的部分病例与环境菌株具有高度同源性（相似度>90%），提示存在跨年度的持续环境传播。所有患者分离株均为CRAB。2021年ICU进行全面终末消毒后，未再发现同源菌株。CRAB在ICU环境中具有长期存活和传播能力，常规消毒措施可能存在盲区。建议开发针对复杂表面和设备的强化消毒策略，以阻断CRAB在ICU中的持续传播。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.034

An Open-Source Data Driven Hybrid Modeling System for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Early Warning

Jianyi Zhang¹;  Haoliang Cui¹;  Yiwen Xing¹;  Zekun Wang²;  Wenkai Luo¹;  Chaozhuo Wei³;  Zhongwei Jia^1,#

1. Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University;

2. Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center, Beijing, China;

3. Division of Surveillance, Early Warning and Emergency Response, Heilongjiang Provincial of Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China.

^# Corresponding authors: Zhongwei Jia, jiazw@bjmu.edu.cn.

The increasing trend of globalization has led to a heightened risk of imported epidemics; however, existing surveillance systems remain fragmented and reliant on laboratory confirmation. We developed an open-source data-driven hybrid modeling system to provide earlier and more reliable alerts, designed to complement China’s multipoint trigger early-warning framework. This system integrates heterogeneous signals, including official epidemiology, digital traces, mobility, meteorology, and pathogen genomics, using semantic harmonization and a hybrid analytic stack. Seasonality-adjusted baselines with anomaly detection, mobility- and climate-aware SEIR models, and short-horizon learners generated calibrated early-warning scores. Thresholds were constrained by positive predictive value. Pilot studies were conducted for COVID-19 in Yantai and SFTSV (Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus) in Shandong and Henan, with tuberculosis indicators embedded for programmatic use.  Across deployments, the system achieved 83.3% sensitivity and 76.9% positive predictive value, providing a median lead time of 9.3 days before official confirmation. Forecasting accuracy reached 92.1% for COVID-19 in Yantai, 90.3% for SFTSV in Shandong, and 89.8% for SFTSV in Henan. Early warnings were aligned with subsequent confirmations and supported targeted screening and resource allocation. An open-source data-driven hybrid modeling system can deliver calibrated and timely alerts across diverse pathogens. By broadening inputs, enabling cross-agency linkage, and offering operator-oriented dashboards, it serves as a practical complement to China’s national early-warning system and has the potential for scaling out with One Health inputs.

一种用于传染病监测与早期预警的开源数据驱动混合建模系统

张建一¹; 崔浩亮¹; 邢译文¹; 王泽昆²; 罗文凯¹; 魏超卓³; 贾忠伟^1,#

1. 全球卫生学系, 公共卫生学院, 北京大学，北京，中国;

2. 北京市卫生健康大数据与政策研究中心, 北京, 中国;

3. 监测预警与应急处置处, 黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心，哈尔滨市，黑龙江省，中国。

^# 通信作者：贾忠伟, jiazw@bjmu.edu.cn。

全球化趋势日益加剧，导致输入性疫情风险升高；然而现有监测系统仍存在碎片化问题，且过度依赖实验室确诊。我们开发了开源数据驱动的混合建模系统，旨在提供更早、更可靠的预警，以补充中国多点触发预警框架。该系统通过语义协调与混合分析架构，整合官方流行病学数据、数字足迹、人口流动、气象及病原体基因组等多源信号。采用季节性调整基线结合异常检测、融合流动性与气候因素的SEIR模型，以及短期学习器生成校准预警评分，并依据阳性预测值设定预警阈值。试点研究在烟台开展新冠肺炎预警，在山东与河南开展SFTSV（血小板减少性严重发热综合征布尼亚病毒）预警，并嵌入结核病指标用于项目化应用。系统在各部署场景中实现83.3%的敏感度和76.9%的阳性预测值，较官方确诊提前9.3天（中位数）。预测准确率分别为：烟台市COVID-19达92.1%，山东省SFTSV达90.3%，河南省SFTSV达89.8%。早期预警与后续确诊结果吻合，有效支持了定向筛查和资源配置。开源数据驱动的混合建模系统可对多种病原体提供校准化及时预警。通过扩展输入数据、实现跨机构联动及提供操作员导向仪表盘，该系统成为中国国家预警体系的实用补充，并具备整合“同一健康”数据实现规模化应用的潜力。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.036

Current Status of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Mammals

Chuanxiu Li¹, Xinru Lyu¹, Xiang Li¹, Zhongwei Jia^2,#, Hongliang Chai^1,#
1. College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China;

2. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding authors: Zhongwei Jia, jiazw@bjmu.edu.cn; Hongliang Chai, Hongliang_chai@hotmail.com.

Since late 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have expanded globally, infecting wild birds, poultry, and an increasing range of mammals. Sustained transmission has occurred in minks and dairy cattle, accompanied by key polymerase basic2 (PB2) mutations (e.g., E627K, D701N), signaling mammalian adaptation and heightened zoonotic risk. From 2021 to early 2025, 82 human cases, including fatalities in China and the US, underscored rising public health concerns, although no sustained human-to-human transmission has been detected. This review summarizes the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and molecular evolution of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in mammals. Large-scale outbreaks in US dairy cattle and associated human cases highlight significant cross-species risks, while China’s high poultry vaccination coverage, rapid culling, and nationwide surveillance demonstrate the value of proactive prevention. These contrasting experiences emphasize the need for targeted surveillance, reinforced biosecurity, accelerated countermeasure development, and global coordination under the One Health framework.

2.3.4.4b 分支 H5N1 高致病性禽流感病毒在哺乳动物中传播的现状

李传秀¹, 吕欣孺¹, 李祥¹, 贾忠伟^2,#, 柴洪亮^1,#

1．野生动物与自然保护地学院，东北林业大学，哈尔滨市，黑龙江省，中国；

2．公共卫生学院，北京大学，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：贾忠伟，jiazw@bjmu.edu.cn，柴洪亮，Hongliang_chai@hotmail.com。

自 2020 年末以来，2.3.4.4b 分支 H5N1 高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIVs）在全球范围内迅速扩散，感染了野生鸟类、家禽以及日益广泛的哺乳动物宿主。该病毒已在水貂和奶牛中出现持续传播，并伴随关键的 PB2 突变（如 E627K、D701N），提示其对哺乳动物的适应性增强及潜在的人畜共患病风险上升。2021 年至 2025 年初，全球共报告 82 例人感染病例，其中中国和美国均出现死亡病例，凸显了不断加剧的公共卫生关切，尽管目前尚未发现持续的人传人传播。本综述系统总结了 2.3.4.4b 分支 H5N1 病毒在哺乳动物中的流行病学特征、传播动力学及分子进化特征。美国奶牛群中发生的大规模暴发及其相关的人感染病例突显了显著的跨物种传播风险；与此同时，中国通过高覆盖率的家禽免疫、快速扑杀以及全国性监测体系，展示了前瞻性防控策略的有效性。这些不同国家的实践经验表明，有必要在“同一健康”（One Health）框架下，加强针对性监测、强化生物安全措施、加快防控技术与疫苗等对策的研发，并推动全球层面的协同合作。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.027