Climate Change, Cryosphere Retreat, andHuman Health

Xiaoming Wang^1,#;Shilu Tong^2,3,#;Yu Wang^2,4; Lijun Ma⁵;Xiaoming Shi^2,4

1.Northwest Institute of Eco‐environment and Resources, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China;

2.China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, NationalInstitute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control andPrevention, Beijing, China;

3.School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane, Australia;

4. National Key Laboratory ofIntelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NationalInstitute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control andPrevention, Beijing, China;

5.National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding authors: Xiaoming Wang, xiaomingwang@lzb.ac.cn; Shilu Tong, tongshilu@nieh.chinacdc.cn.

Thecryosphere, encompassing glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, and snow, plays acritical role in regulating climate and sustaining human well-being. However,climate change is driving widespread cryosphere degradation, intensifyinggeophysical and climate-related hazards that pose escalating risks to publichealth and safety. The resulting decline in both the quantity and quality ofcryosphere services also has severe consequences, particularly for populationsin polar regions, high-altitude mountains, and their downstream areas.Furthermore, teleconnected climate systems can evenextend cryosphere change impacts beyond these regions. It has been seen that increasing cryosphere-related hazards, such asglacial lake outburst floods and extreme winter events, heighten public healthrisks. Disrupted meltwater supply and ecosystem shifts inflict water and foodinsecurity in arid and semiarid regions, exacerbating malnutrition and diseaseburdens. Additionally, thawing permafrost may release ancient pathogens andtoxic substances, increasing the risks of infectious disease outbreaks andsevere environmental contamination. Addressing these cascading risks requiresurgent interdisciplinary research, public awareness, and investment in adaptivestrategies to strengthen societal resilience amid a rapidly changing cryosphereand safeguard public well-being.

气候变化，冰冻圈改变和人类健康

王晓明^1,#；童世庐^2,3,#；王裕^2,4；马丽娟⁵；施小明^2,4

1. 西北生态环境资源研究院，中国科学院，兰州市，甘肃省，中国；

2. 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

3. 公共卫生与社会工作学院，昆士兰科技大学，布里斯班，澳大利亚；

4. 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

5. 国家气候中心，中国气象局，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：王晓明，xiaomingwang@lzb.ac.cn；童世庐，tongshilu@nieh.chinacdc.cn。

冰冻圈包括冰川、冰盖、多年冻土和积雪，在气候调节和维系人类福祉中发挥至关重要的作用。然而，气候变化正导致日益严重的冰冻圈退化，一方面加剧地质和气候灾害，从而严重威胁公共安全和健康。另一方面，冰冻圈退化也导致冰冻圈服务数量和质量的下降，严重影响极地、高海拔山区及其下游地区社会。此外，气候系统的遥相关可以进一步将冰冻圈变化对公共健康的影响在全球尺度上扩大到更为遥远的地区。可以看到，诸如冰湖溃决和极端寒冷这些与冰冻圈灾害相关事件的不断增加会加剧公共健康风险。由于融水减少和引起的生态系统变化，对干旱和半干旱地区水和粮食安全产生影响，也会加剧营养不良和疾病等公共健康问题。此外，多年冻土融化还可能释放出古代病原体和有毒物质，增加传染病暴发和严重环境污染风险。为应对以上不断加剧的因冰冻圈变化引起的公共健康风险，亟需加强有针对性的跨学科变化适应研究、提升公众意识、增加资金投入，以改善社会应对冰冻圈快速变化的韧性从而极大保护公众利益。

For more information:https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.062

Policy Interpretation of the ChinaNational Climate Change Health Adaptation Action Plan (2024–2030)

Xiaoming Shi^1,2,3,#; Lin Wang^1,2; Zheng Dai³;Dongqun Xu^1,2; Jie Ban^1,2; Lijun Pan¹; XiaozheTang³

1. China CDC Key Laboratory of Environmentand Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, ChineseCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

2. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting forInfectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Centerfor Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

3. Chinese Center for Disease Control andPrevention, Beijing, China;

^# Corresponding author:Xiaoming Shi, shixm@chinacdc.cn.

To better protect public healthunder climate change, in September 2024, the National Disease Control andPrevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaborationwith 12 other relevant departments, jointly released the China National ClimateChange Health Adaptation Action Plan (2024–2030) (hereinafter referred to asthe Action Plan), and innovatively proposed ten strategic prior actions. Thisstudy provides a systematic interpretation on the Action Plan, introducing itsbackground, methodology and evidence used in production process, main conceptsand content, the road map of implementation, as well as several possiblechallenges and solutions, which helps to give an overall understanding of theAction Plan.

《国家气候变化健康适应行动方案（2024-2030年）》政策解读

施小明^1,2,3,#，王林^1,2，戴政³，徐东群^1,2，班婕^1,2，潘力军¹，唐小哲³

1.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

2. 传染病溯源预警和智能决策全国重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

3.中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者:施小明，shixm@chinacdc.cn。

为在气候变化下更好的保护公众健康，2024 年 9 月，中华人民共和国国家疾病预防控制局与12相关部门联合印发了《国家气候变化健康适应行动方案（2024-2030年）》（以下简称《行动方案》），创新性的提出了十项重点行动任务。本研究对《行动方案》进行了系统解读，介绍了其制定背景、制定过程中所采用的方法和证据、主要理念与内容、实施路线图，以及实施过程中可能面临的挑战和解决方案，从而增强对《行动方案》的认知与理解。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.063

Human Infection with Chlamydiapneumoniae ST16 — Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, China, 2024

Wen Wang^1,&, Shengtao Liu^2,&,Xincheng Qin¹, Junrong Liang¹, Jinwei Huang^2,#,Tian Qin^1,#

1. National Key Laboratory of IntelligentTracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute forCommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Controland Prevention, Beijing, China;

2. Department of Respiratory and CriticalCare Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, China.

^&Joint firstauthors.

^# Corresponding author: TianQin, qintian@icdc.cn; Jinwei Huang, jinwei1314w@wmu.edu.cn.

Toanalyze the clinical characteristics and pathogenic features of Chlamydia pneumoniaepneumonia, providing a scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of C.pneumoniae infections. Clinical data from four patients diagnosed with C.pneumoniae pneumonia in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, between April andMay 2024, were collected to analyze clinical manifestations and pathogenicfindings. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of the pathogen wasconducted using seven housekeeping genes. All patients exhibited decreasedlevels of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin, findings not previouslyreported in earlier studies. Additionally, co-infections were identified in twocases. Analysis of the16S rRNA and ompA gene sequences indicated a homologyof 98% to 100% with known C. pneumoniae strains. To further characterizethese strains, sequencing of the seven housekeeping genes confirmed that allcases were infected with the ST16genotype. C. pneumoniae infections inLishui City are predominantly caused by the ST16 genotype, highlighting theneed for enhanced research into these infections. The decrease inretinol-binding protein and prealbumin levels may serve as auxiliary diagnosticbiomarkers in clinical practice. Next-generation sequencing methods demonstratesignificant potential for pathogen identification, particularly in diagnosing co-infections.

人感染ST16型肺炎衣原体的病例报告 — 丽水市，浙江省，中国，2024年

王文^1,&，刘胜涛^2,&，覃新程¹，梁俊容¹，黄金伟^2,#，秦天^1,#

1. 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所，北京，中国；

2. 呼吸与重症医学科，温州医科大学附属第六医院，丽水市，浙江省，中国。

^& 共同第一作者

^# 通信作者：秦天,qintian@icdc.cn; 黄金伟,jinwei1314w@wmu.edu.cn。

分析肺炎衣原体肺炎患者的临床特征及病原学特点，为肺炎衣原体感染的诊治提供科学依据。收集2024年4-5月浙江省丽水市诊断为肺炎衣原体肺炎的4例患者的临床资料，分析临床特征及病原学结果。通过获取7个管家基因对病原体进行MLST分析。所有患者的视黄醇结合蛋白和前白蛋白水平下降，这在以往的研究中没有被报道。此外，有两名患者有共感染情况。16s rRNA和ompA基因序列分析表明，与已知肺炎原体菌株同源性为98%-100%。为了进一步表征这些菌株，对7个管家基因进行了测序，确认所有病例的MLST分型均为ST16型。丽水市肺炎衣原体感染以ST16型为主，应进一步加强对肺炎衣原体感染的研究。视黄醇结合蛋白和前白蛋白这两个指标的下降可用于临床辅助诊断。下一代测序方法在病原体鉴定方面的潜力，尤其在合并感染中的诊断具有重要的价值。

For more information:https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.064

A Quadruplex Digital PCR Assay for theSimultaneous Detection of Four Intestinal Bacterial Pathogens and ItsApplication in Wastewater Samples

Huihui Sun^1,2; Qiao Yao^1,2;Ximiao Zhao^1,2; Xia Li^1,2; Fuchang Deng^1,2;Jiayi Han^1,2; Lan Zhang^1,2; Xiaoyuan Yao ^1,2;Biao Kan³; Jingyun Zhang ^3,#; Song Tang ^1,2,#

1. National Key Laboratory of IntelligentTracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute ofEnvironmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing,China;

2. China CDC Key Laboratory of Environmentand Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, ChineseCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

3. National Key Laboratory of IntelligentTracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute forCommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Controland Prevention, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author:Jingyun Zhang, zhangjingyun@icdc.cn; Song Tang,tangsong@nieh.chinacdc.cn.

Wastewater surveillance serves as a rapid,non-invasive, and population-level monitoring tool capable of objectively andin real-time reflecting outbreaks of infectious diseases and public healthrisks within its coverage area. In China, surveillance systems for pathogenssuch as Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella in wastewater have already beenestablished. We have developed a quadruplex digital PCR (dPCR) method for thesimultaneous detection of Salmonella spp.,Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticusin wastewater to enhance pathogen identification velocity and efficiency. Specificprimers and probes were designed targeting the invA gene of Salmonella, ipaH gene of Shigella, tlh gene of V. parahaemolyticus, and cholera toxingene ctxA of V. cholerae. The quadruplex dPCR assay underwent rigorousevaluation for analytical sensitivity and specificity. Detection limits weredetermined using spiked wastewater samples, and the method's effectiveness wasassessed through preliminary testing of 60 environmental wastewater samples. Thequadruplex dPCR assay was optimized at an annealing temperature of 58 °C. Inspiked wastewater samples, the detection limits were 390 CFU/100 mL for Salmonella, 11 CFU/100 mL for Shigella, 660 CFU/100 mL for V. cholerae, and 640 CFU/100 mL for V. parahaemolyticus. Analysis of 60municipal wastewater samples revealed pathogen concentrations ranging from100.9-14,560copies/100 mL for Shigella, 86.5-7,329 copies/100 mLfor Salmonella, and 84.5-865.7 copies/100 mLfor V. parahaemolyticus. Thedeveloped quadruplex dPCR assay demonstrates robust capability forcomprehensive surveillance of intestinal bacterial pathogens in wastewater,offering reliable detection even at low concentrations.

四重数字PCR同时检测四种肠道病原菌及其在污水中的应用

孙惠惠^1,2；姚巧^1,2；赵夕缈^1,2；李霞^1,2；邓富昌^1,2；韩嘉艺^1,2；张岚^1,2；姚孝元^1,2；阚飙³；张京云^3,#；唐宋^1,2,#

1.传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室，环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

3.传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，传染病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国。

^# 通讯作者:张京云zhangjingyun@icdc.cn；唐宋，tangsong@nieh.chinacdc.cn。

污水监测作为一种快速、非侵入性、能够反映覆盖区域内传染病爆发和公共卫生风险的监测工具，能够客观、实时地反映病原体的动态。中国已经建立了针对霍乱弧菌和沙门菌等病原体的污水监测系统。为提高污水中病原体识别的速度和效率，本研究开发了一种四重数字PCR（dPCR）检测方法，用于同时检测污水中的沙门菌、志贺菌、霍乱弧菌和副溶血弧菌。本研究以沙门菌invA基因、志贺菌ipaH基因、副溶血弧菌tlh基因和霍乱弧菌霍乱毒素基因ctxA为靶标，设计特异性的引物和探针，建立污水中同时检测四种细菌的四重dPCR检测方法，并通过加标污水样本确定检测限，并利用60个环境污水样本验证了该方法的有效性。在退火温度为58 °C时对四重dPCR方法进行了优化。在加标污水样本中，沙门菌的检测限为390CFU/100 mL，志贺菌为11 CFU/100 mL，霍乱弧菌为660 CFU/100 mL，副溶血弧菌为640 CFU/100 mL。对60个环境污水样本进行检测，志贺菌的浓度为100.9-14,560 copies/100mL，沙门菌为86.5-7,329 copies/100 mL，副溶血弧菌为84.5-865.7 copies/100 mL，霍乱弧菌无检出。本研究所开发的四重数字PCR 检测方法能够对污水中的四种肠道细菌病原体进行综合监测，且在低浓度情况下也能实现可靠的检测。

For more information:https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.065

The First Imported Case of Lassa Fever —China, 2024

Yao Wang^1,&;Xianying Wen^2,&; Dan Li^3,&; Shuangfeng Fan¹;Xingyu Zhou⁴; Ke Yan¹; Jie Cao⁵; Jiandong Li⁶;Rongjie Wei⁴; Hui Liu¹; Wei Wu⁷; Senping Zheng⁸;  Rongmeng Jiang⁹; Yun Peng¹;Yuliang Feng⁴; Nijuan Xiang^3,#; Jiushun Zhou^4,#

1.Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City, SichuanProvince, China;

2.Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang City, SichuanProvince, China;

3.Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control andPrevention, Beijing, China;

4.Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City,Sichuan Province, China;

5.Jiangyou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang City, SichuanProvince, China;

6.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for InfectiousDiseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of MedicalVirology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease andPrevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

7.National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center forDisease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

8. WuhouDistrict Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City, SichuanProvince, China;

9. Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing, China.

^&Joint firstauthors.

^# Correspondingauthors: Nijuan Xiang, xiangnj@chinacdc.cn; Jiushun Zhou, jiushunzhou@qq.com.

On August 3, 2024, Sichuan Provincereported a case of suspected Lassa fever imported from abroad. Upon receipt ofthis report, local CDCs quickly initiated investigation and preventivemeasures. Epidemiologicalinvestigations, contact tracing and management, hospital infection control,environmental disinfection, laboratory testing, sample management, and riskcommunication were taken. On August 6th, the patientwas diagnosed as the first Imported Case of Lassa fever in Mainland of China. Atotal of 12 close contacts and 71 general contacts were identified. UntilAugust 24, all contacts were discharged from medical observation withoutexhibiting any suspected clinical symptoms associated with Lassa fever. On September 24, the patient has already recovered excepthearing loss, and she was discharged after expert verification. With theacceleration of human activities and the progression of globalization, the riskof introducing novel infectious diseases, such as Lassa fever, has increased.Concurrently, the widespread applications of metagenomic sequencing in thediagnosis of unexplained illnesses within healthcare institutions has enhancedthe sensitivity of disease detection and identification, enabling more precisecharacterization of emerging pathogens.

首例拉沙热境外输入病例调查—中国，2024年

王瑶^1,&；文献英^2,&；黎丹^3,&；范双凤¹；周兴余⁴；严可¹；曹婕⁵；李建东⁶；魏荣杰⁴；刘辉¹；芜为⁷；郑森平⁸；蒋荣猛⁹；彭云¹；冯玉亮⁴；向妮娟^3#；周久顺^4,#

1.成都市疾病预防控制中心，成都市，四川省，中国；

2.绵阳市疾病预防控制中心，绵阳市，四川省，中国；

3.中国疾病预防控制中心卫生应急中心，北京，中国；

4.四川省疾病预防控制中心，成都市，四川省，中国；

5.江油市疾病预防控制中心，绵阳市，四川省，中国；

6.传染病溯源与智能决策全国重点实验室，国家卫生健康委医学病毒学与病毒病重点实验室，病毒病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京；

7.病毒病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京；

8.武侯区疾病预防控制中心，成都市，四川省，中国；

9.首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院，北京。

^& 共同第一作者

^# 通信作者：向妮娟，xiangnj@chinacdc.cn；周久顺，jiushunzhou@qq.com。

2024年8月3日，四川省报告1例疑似拉沙热境外输入病例。为快速控制事件发展，为新发突发传染病防控提供实践依据，开展调查与处置。开展现场流行病学调查，落实对接触者追踪和管理、院内感染控制、环境消毒、标本采集与检测、样本管理和风险沟通等处置措施。8月6日，该患者诊断为我国首例拉沙热境外输入确诊病例。经调查，该患者为49岁女性，2024年3月赴非洲几内亚马木大区务工，7月24日回国，8月3日患者脑脊液标本探针捕获高通量测序结果提示拉沙病毒核酸阳性，8月6日复核为拉沙病毒核酸阳性、IgG抗体阳性，遗传进化分析结果提示为拉沙病毒基因Ⅳ型。共判定密切接触者12人和一般接触者71人，截至8月24日，无拉沙热感染相关的可疑临床症状，均解除隔离或自我健康监测。9月24日患者康复出院。随着人类活动与全球化进程加速，拉沙热等新发突发传染病输入风险增加；而探针捕获高通量测序在医疗机构不明原因疾病诊断中的大量应用，使得相关疾病的发现与识别更加灵敏。开展拉沙热的相关监测和研究工作，做好非洲常见传染病检测试剂的储备、疫苗研发和应对准备显得尤为重要。

For more information:https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.066

Identification and Evolution of theFirst Isolated Brucella abortus Strain from a Human Brucellosis Case —Tianjin Municipality, China, August 2024

Xin Gao^1,2;Wei Zhang^1,2; Guangwen Liu^1,2; Wen Li^1,2;Aiping Yu^1,2; Yuan Wang ^1,2; Xiaoqing Fan^1,2;Xiaohui Lu^1,2; Xuan Chen^1,2; Xiaoyan Li^1,2,#

1.Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China.

2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology of Infectious Disease,Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China.

^# Correspondingauthors: Xiaoyan Li, xiaoyanli1291@163.com.

Brucellosis remains a significant globalzoonosis with profound negative implications for human health and economicsystems worldwide. In August 2024, a male farmer patient exhibiting persistentfever symptoms was reported in Tianjin Municipality, China. The patient enteredthe sheep pen for work every 7 days without wearing protective equipments.Through bacterial culture of blood sample, we obtained suspicious off-whitebacteria colonies. Traditional PCR methods confirmed that the strain belongedto the Brucella genus, although species-level identification was not achievablewith this technique. Further analysis using multi locus sequence typing (MLST)and next-generation sequencing revealed the strain to be Brucella abortus ofsequence type (ST) 2, marking the first isolation of Brucella abortus strain inTianjin. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain shares a sub-cladewith isolates from other Chinese provinces, such as Inner Mongolia, Jilin,Heilongjiang, as well as strains from Russia, Mongolia, and other countries.

首例人源牛种布鲁氏菌分离株的鉴定和进化分析—天津直辖市，中国，2024年8月

高鑫^1,2；张维^1,2；刘广文^1,2；李闻^1,2；于爱萍^1,2；王源^1,2；范小晴^1,2；鹿晓慧^1,2；陈萱^1,2；李晓燕^1,2,#

1.天津市疾病预防控制中心，天津，中国；

2.天津市传染病病原微生物重点实验室，天津市疾病预防控制中心，天津，中国。

^# 通信作者：李晓燕，xiaoyanli1291@163.com。

布鲁氏菌病是一种重要的全球性人兽共患病，给人体健康和全球经济带来严重影响。天津市于2024年8月报告一名男性农民患者，具有持续发热症状。该患者每隔7日进入羊舍工作，但未穿带戴防护用品。我们对血液样本进行细菌培养，获得灰色可疑菌落。通过使用传统的PCR方法进行检测，确定该菌株属于布鲁氏菌属，但未能通过该方法完成该菌株的种水平鉴定。我们随后使用多位点序列分型（multi locus sequence typing，MLST）和二代测序技术进行进一步鉴定，结果显示该菌株为序列型2（sequence type 2，ST2）型的牛种布鲁氏菌。该牛种布鲁氏菌菌株为天津市首次分离。通过系统进化分析显示该菌株与来自内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江等国内省份，以及来自俄罗斯、蒙古等其他国家的分离株位于同一个进化亚分支。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.067