Prevalence and Distribution of Diarrhea and Constipation Among Older Adults Aged 65 Years and Older — 31 PLADs, China, 2024

Chi Zhang^1,&; Ying Liu^2,&; Yushan Zhang³; Ji Shen³; Yingchen Sang²; Youjiao Wang²; Houguang Zhou⁴; Lei Wang⁵; Shiwei Liu^2,#; Hong Shi^3,#

1. Department of Basic Innovation Research, Beijing Hospital, National Center for Gerontology; National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology; The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of NHC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging Mechanism and Intervention Research on Aging-Related Diseases; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China;

2. Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Beijing, China;

3. Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center for Gerontology; National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology; The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of NHC; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China;

4. Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;

5. Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

^& Joint first authors.

^# Corresponding author: Shiwei Liu, liusw@chinacdc.cn; Hong Shi,shihong2584@bjhmoh.cn.

Diarrhea and constipation are prevalent gastrointestinal conditions in older adults that can lead to serious complications. This study examined the prevalence and demographic distribution of diarrhea and constipation among older adults in China to clarify their distribution patterns and identify high-risk populations for the development of targeted prevention strategies. This study utilized data from the 2024 China Survey of Aging and Health (CAHS) covering 31 provincial-level administrative divisions and 41,859 older adults aged ≥65 years were included. Weighted prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The Rao-Scott chi-square test was used to compare differences in prevalence across demographic subgroups. In 2024, the weighted prevalence of diarrhea and constipation among older adults in China was 14.2% (95% CI: 12.1%, 16.6%) and 16.4% (95% CI: 14.2%, 18.9%), respectively. The prevalence of diarrhea (16.8%) and constipation (20.8%) was the highest in western China. At the provincial level, Yunnan had the highest prevalence of diarrhea and Inner Mongolia had the highest prevalence of constipation. Constipation prevalence showed a significant increasing trend with age (P<0.001), reaching 24.9% among adults aged ≥80 years, whereas no such age-related pattern was observed for diarrhea. The burden of diarrhea and constipation among China’s older population is substantial. Prevention and management strategies should prioritize high-risk populations, particularly the oldest-old and residents of western regions.

65 岁及以上老年人腹泻与便秘患病现状及分布特征 — 31省份，中国，2024年

张驰^1,&, 刘影^2,&, 张玉珊³, 沈姞³, 桑莹宸², 王友娇², 周厚广⁴, 王蕾⁵, 刘世炜^2,#, 施红^3,#

1. 北京医院（国家老年医学中心）实验研究部，老年疾病国家临床医学研究中心，国家卫生健康委老年医学重点实验室，衰老机制与衰老相关疾病干预研究北京市重点实验室，中国医学科学院老年医学研究院，北京，中国；

2. 中国疾病预防控制中心（中国预防医学科学院）控烟办公室，北京，中国；

3. 北京医院（国家老年医学中心）老年医学科，国家老年医学中心，老年医学研究院，中国医学科学院，北京，中国；

4. 老年医学科，复旦大学附属华山医院，国家老年医学临床研究中心，上海市，中国；

5. 老年医学科，上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院，上海，中国。

^& 共同第一作者

^# 通信作者: 刘世炜, liusw@chinacdc.cn; 施红, shihong2584@bjhmoh.cn。

腹泻与便秘是老年人常见的胃肠道疾病，可引发严重并发症。本研究旨在分析中国老年人腹泻与便秘的患病率及人口学分布特征，明确其流行规律并识别高危人群，为制定针对性防控策略提供依据。研究数据来源于2024年中国老年健康调查（China Survey of Aging and Health, CAHS），该项目覆盖全国 31 个省、自治区、直辖市，共纳入 41859 名 65 岁及以上老年人。计算加权患病率及 95% 置信区间（CI），采用 Rao‑Scott 卡方检验比较不同人口学亚组的患病率差异。结果显示，2024 年中国老年人腹泻加权患病率为14.2%（95% CI：12.1%, 16.6%），便秘加权患病率为16.4%（95% CI：14.2%, 18.9%）。西部地区腹泻（16.8%）和便秘（20.8%）的患病率均为全国最高。省级层面，云南省腹泻患病率最高，内蒙古自治区便秘患病率最高。便秘患病率随年龄增长显著上升（P<0.001），80 岁及以上高龄人群达 24.9%，而腹泻未呈现类似年龄相关趋势。我国老年人腹泻与便秘疾病负担较重，防控工作应重点关注高龄老人和西部地区居民等高危人群。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.069

Intraocular Pressure and Its Association with Ocular Biometrics in Children and Adolescents — 10 PLADs, China, 2020–2024

Ran Qin^1,2,3; Yang Liu^1,2; Yan Chen^3,4; Hongtian Li^1,2,5; Jianmeng Liu^1,2,5,#; Xin Guo^6,#

1. Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China;

2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China;

3. School Health Department, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China;

4. School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;

5. Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China;

6. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Jianmeng Liu, liujm@pku.edu.cn; Xin Guo, guoxin@chinacdc.cn.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is essential for ocular homeostasis and pediatric glaucoma prevention. However, its developmental patterns and associations with refractive error remain unclear. This study examined grade- and sex-specific IOP variations and their relationship with ocular biometrics in a large pediatric cohort. This nationwide cross-sectional study included 65,209 students (senior kindergarten and grades 1–12) from 10 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) in China between 2020 and 2024. IOP was measured using non-contact tonometry. Cycloplegic refraction and ocular biometry—including axial length, corneal radius, and anterior chamber depth—were also assessed. Multivariable linear regression assessed associations between IOP and ocular parameters, adjusting for grade and sex. Mean IOP was 17.6 ± 3.0 mmHg, showing a biphasic pattern, peaking at grade 6 (18.2 ± 2.9 mmHg) and declining thereafter. Girls had significantly higher IOP prepuberty [peak difference at grade 5: 0.5 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3, 0.7], whereas boys exhibited higher IOP post-puberty (grade 12: −0.5 mmHg; 95% CI: –0.9, –0.1). IOP was higher in children with myopia (P<0.01) and was significantly associated with spherical equivalent (β=−0.04, P=0.01), corneal radius (β=2.03, P=0.04), and anterior chamber depth (β=0.42, P<0.01). This study identified distinct grade- and sex-specific IOP patterns among Chinese children, including a novel pubertal reversal in sexual dimorphism. The findings challenge a simple causal IOP−myopia relationship and warrant further investigation. These results support the need for tailored pediatric IOP monitoring strategies to improve glaucoma prevention, enhance myopia control, and promote overall ocular health.

儿童青少年眼压及其与眼部生物测量参数的关联研究 — 10省份，中国，2020–2024年

秦冉^1,2,3；刘扬^1,2；陈岩^3,4；李宏田^1,2,5；刘建蒙^1,2,5,#；郭欣^6,#

1. 北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委生育健康重点实验室（北京大学公共卫生学院），北京，中国；

2. 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，北京，中国；

3. 北京市疾病预防控制中心学校卫生所，北京，中国；

4. 首都医科大学公共卫生学院，北京，中国；

5. 北京大学人工智能研究院智慧公众健康研究中心，北京，中国；

6. 中国疾病预防控制中心（中国预防医学科学院），北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：刘建蒙，liujm@pku.edu.cn；郭欣，guoxin@chinacdc.cn。

眼压（IOP）对维持眼内稳态、预防儿童青光眼至关重要。然而，儿童眼压的发育规律及其与屈光不正的关联仍不明确。本研究旨在描述大规模儿童青少年人群中眼压随年级、性别变化的特征，并分析其与眼部生物测量参数的关系。2020–2024 年在中国 10 个省级行政区开展一项全国性横断面研究，纳入 65,209 名幼儿园大班至12 年级学生。采用非接触式眼压计测量眼压，同时进行睫状肌麻痹验光及眼部生物测量（眼轴长度、角膜曲率半径、前房深度）。校正年级与性别后，使用多元线性回归分析眼压与眼部参数的关联。中国 10 个省级行政区65,209 名幼儿园大班–12 年级学生的平均眼压为 17.6±3.0 mmHg，呈双相变化趋势：在 6 年级达到峰值（18.2±2.9 mmHg），7–12 年级逐渐下降。眼压性别差异具有年级依赖性：青春期前女生眼压显著更高（5 年级峰值差异：0.5 mmHg，95% CI：0.3, 0.7）；青春期后男生眼压更高（12 年级差异：-0.5 mmHg，95% CI：-0.9, -0.1）。近视儿童眼压高于正视及远视儿童（P<0.01），且存在年级特异性差异。多因素分析显示，眼压与等效球镜（β=-0.04，P=0.01）、角膜曲率半径（β=2.03，P=0.04）及前房深度（β=0.42，P<0.01）均存在显著关联。本研究揭示了中国儿童青少年眼压具有独特的年级与性别分布特征，首次发现青春期性别差异逆转现象，并对眼压与近视之间存在直接因果关系的观点提出挑战，眼压对儿童青少年近视防控的作用值得进一步研究。上述结果支持开展针对性的儿童青少年眼压监测，以预防青光眼和近视并促进整体眼健康水平提升。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.070

Unintentional Injury Incidence Among Children Aged 0–5 Years — Changsha City, Hunan Province, China, 2024–2025

Yuying Jing¹; Yang Yuan¹; Danrui Liu²; Li Li^1,#; Guoqing Hu¹
1. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China;

2. Department of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China.

^# Corresponding authors: Li Li, lili1009@csu.edu.cn.

Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. However, recent population-based epidemiological data on the incidence of unintentional injury among children in China are limited. This study analyzed baseline data from an ongoing cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, between August 2024 and February 2025. Injury was defined as an event requiring medical care, first aid by a nonmedical responder, or more than half a day of school absence. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to quantify associations. Among 7,087 children, 646 injuries were reported in the prior year, yielding an incidence of 9.12% (95% confidence interval: 8.47, 9.81). Compared with infants <1 year, children aged 1–2 and 3–5 years were at greater risk of injury. Boys and urban children had higher injury incidence rates than girls and rural children, and falls accounted for 69.2% of all cases. Most injuries occurred at home (57.9%) and during play (78.5%), resulting in emergency department or outpatient visits (40.1%) or self-care (54.6%). Commonly injured body parts include the head or neck (42.9%) and lower limbs (16.6%), with abrasions and open wounds being the most frequent outcomes. These findings suggest that nonfatal unintentional injuries among young children in Changsha remain a significant public health challenge, highlighting the need for age- and setting-specific preventive strategies.

0–5岁儿童非故意伤害发生率 — 长沙市，湖南省，中国，2024–2025年

井誉颖¹，袁洋¹，刘丹蕊²，李黎^1,#，胡国清¹

1. 流行病学与卫生统计学系，湖南省临床流行病学重点实验室，湘雅公共卫生学院，中南大学，长沙市，湖南省，中国

2. 公共卫生学院，兰州大学，兰州市，甘肃省，中国。

^# 通信作者：李黎，lili1009@csu.edu.cn。

非故意伤害是低龄儿童发病和死亡的主要原因之一，但当前我国儿童非故意伤害的人群流行病学数据较为有限。本研究基于一项在湖南省长沙市开展的整群随机对照试验的基线调查数据，调查时间为2024年8月至2025年2月。伤害事件定义为满足以下任一标准：过去一年中，1）因伤到医疗机构诊治、2）由非医务人员做紧急处置或看护、或3）因伤缺课半天以上。采用多因素调整后比值比评估相关因素与伤害的关联强度。结果显示，在7,087名儿童中，共报告646例伤害事件，年发生率为9.12%（95% CI: 8.47, 9.81）。与<1岁婴儿相比，1–2岁和3–5岁儿童的伤害风险更高。男童伤害发生率高于女童，城市儿童高于农村儿童。跌落是最主要的伤害原因，占69.2%。伤害主要发生在家中（57.9%）和玩耍时（78.5%），结局以门急诊就诊（40.1%）或家庭自行处理（54.6%）为主。受伤部位以头颈部（42.9%）和下肢（16.6%）居多，损伤类型以擦伤和开放性伤口最为常见。本研究表明长沙市低龄儿童非致死性非故意伤害负担仍然较重，亟需制定并实施基于不同年龄阶段和发生场景的精准预防策略和措施。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.071

Cigarette and E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents Based on a Nationwide Survey — China, 2021

Kaiyuan Min^1,&, Ziyan Meng^2,&, Runping Ma², Qing Li^2,#, Juntao Yang^{1, #}

1. State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China;

2. School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

^& Joint first authors.

^# Corresponding authors: Juntao Yang, yangjt@pumc.edu.cn; Qing Li, liqing@pumc.edu.cn.

The increasing availability of diverse tobacco products has led to increased tobacco use. This study analyzed prevalence and associated factors of different tobacco-use statuses among Chinese adolescents to support effective interventions for cigarette and e-cigarette use among adolescents in China. A two-stage survey was conducted with a weighted sample of 15,000 high-school students from 31 provincial-level administrative divisions in mainland China. The prevalence of different tobacco-use statuses was also analyzed. Individual, school, family, and marketing-exposure factors associated with different statuses were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Prevalences among Chinese high-school students were 6.9% (95% CI: 6.5, 7.3) for dual use, 27.2% (95% CI: 25.0, 29.5) for overall tobacco, 9.5% (95% CI: 9.1, 10.1) for e-cigarettes, and 24.6% (95% CI: 23.9, 25.3) for cigarettes. Socioecological factors were heterogenous across statuses. Some factors expected to reduce tobacco use were not associated with decreased use and were even associated with increased use. It is important to focus on the shared and distinct factors influencing dual and exclusive cigarette/e-cigarette use to develop intervention measures. Integrating family involvement, peer-based approaches, and evidence-based school education into tobacco control programs may enhance the effectiveness of smoking prevention in adolescents.

基于全国调查的青少年传统卷烟与电子烟使用情况 — 中国，2021年

闵开元^1,&, 孟紫妍^2,&, 马润平², 李青^2,#, 杨俊涛^1,#

1. 重大疾病共性机制研究全国重点实验室，基础医学研究所，中国医学科学院北京协和医学院，北京，中国；

2. 卫生健康管理政策学院，中国医学科学院北京协和医学院，北京，中国。

^& 共同第一作者。

^# 通信作者：杨俊涛, yangjt@pumc.edu.cn; 李青, liqing@pumc.edu.cn。

随着多种烟草产品可及性的不断提高，烟草使用呈上升趋势。本研究旨在分析中国青少年不同烟草使用状态的流行水平及其相关影响因素，为制定和实施控制青少年卷烟和电子烟使用的有效干预措施提供科学依据。采用两阶段抽样方法，在中国大陆31个省级行政区的高中学生中开展调查，纳入加权样本共15,000人。分析不同烟草使用状态的流行情况，并采用多项logistic回归模型分析个体、学校、家庭及烟草营销暴露等因素与不同烟草使用状态之间的关联。中国高中生双重使用卷烟和电子烟的流行率为6.9% (95% CI：6.5, 7.3)；总体烟草使用率为27.2%（95% CI：25.0, 29.5）；电子烟使用率为9.5%（95% CI：9.1, 10.1）；卷烟使用率为24.6%（95% CI：23.9, 25.3）。不同烟草使用状态的青少年在社会生态学层面的相关因素存在异质性。部分原本预期可降低烟草使用的因素，并未与使用风险降低相关，甚至与烟草使用增加相关。在制定青少年烟草控制干预措施时，应同时关注双重使用以及单独使用卷烟或电子烟的共同和特异性影响因素。将家庭参与、同伴干预策略及循证的学校健康教育有机整合至烟草控制项目中，可能有助于提升青少年吸烟预防工作的效果。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.072

National and Regional Lifetime Risk of Developing and Dying from Lung Cancer — China, 2023

Qian Mao^1,2; Zhenping Zhao²; Maigeng Zhou^2,#

1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China;

2. National Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Maigeng Zhou, zhoumaigeng@ncncd.chinacdc.cn.

Lung cancer is the most commonlydiagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in China. However, the lifetime risk (LTR) of lung cancer in China remains poorly understood. This study aimed to provide national andregional estimates of LTR of lung cancer in China in 2023. Lung cancer incidence and mortalitydata were sourced from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023. Population data were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook and national census records. The lung cancer LTR was calculated using a standardized approach that accounts for multiple primary cancers. In 2023, the LTR of developing lung cancer in China was 6.52% (95% UI: 6.28, 6.56), while the LTR of dying from lung cancer was 5.98% (95% UI: 5.57, 6.26). Sex-specific analysis indicated that males had a higher risk, with 8.28% (95% UI: 7.74, 8.38) for developing and 7.61% (95% UI: 6.71, 8.19) for death, compared to 4.52% (95% UI: 4.30, 4.74) and 4.14% (95% UI: 3.81, 4.51), respectively, in females. The remaining LTR of lung cancer declined as the age at diagnosis increased. Marked geographic disparities were observed; the highest LTR was found in the northeastern region, followed by the eastern, northern, south–central, and southwestern regions, while the northwestern region had the lowest risk. The estimated LTR of lung cancer in China is approximately one in 15 individuals and one in 17 deaths. The substantial regional variations in lung cancer risk highlight the need for targeted cancer control strategies and tailored healthcare planning.

全国和各地区罹患和死于肺癌的终生风险 — 中国，2023年

毛倩^1,2；赵振平²；周脉耕^2,#

1. 公共卫生学院，山东大学，济南市，山东省，中国；

2. 慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心，中国疾病预防控制中心（中国预防医学科学院），北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：周脉耕，zhoumaigeng@ncncd.chinacdc.cn。

肺癌是中国确诊率最高且导致癌症相关死亡的首要恶性肿瘤。然而，中国人群肺癌的终生风险目前尚不明确。本研究旨在提供2023年中国肺癌终生风险的全国及区域估计值。肺癌发病和死亡数据来源于2023年全球疾病负担研究。人口数据来源于中国统计年鉴和全国人口普查。肺癌终生风险的计算采用了一种考虑多原发癌症的标准化方法。2023年，中国人群罹患肺癌的终生风险为6.52%（95% UI：6.28，6.56），而死于肺癌的终生风险为5.98%（95% UI：5.57，6.26）。性别特异性分析显示，男性风险更高，其罹患和死于肺癌的风险分别为8.28%（95% UI：7.74，8.38）和7.61%（95% UI：6.71，8.19）；而女性则分别为4.52%（95% UI：4.30，4.74）和4.14%（95% UI：3.81，4.51）。随着诊断年龄的增加，剩余终生肺癌风险随之下降。东北地区风险最高，其次为东部、北部、中南和西南地区，西北地区风险最低。中国肺癌的终生风险估计值大致相当于每15人中约有1人患病，每17人中约有1人因此死亡。肺癌风险存在显著的地区差异，凸显了制定针对性癌症防控策略和个体化医疗规划的必要性。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2026.073