Download: 
-
Although rabies is an almost 100% fatal zoonotic disease once symptoms appear, rabies can be prevented by vaccines. More than 99% of human rabies cases were caused by dog bites worldwide (1). However, achieving and maintaining a minimum dog vaccination coverage of 70% has been proven to interrupt dog-mediated rabies (1). Southern China is a rabies-endemic region, with most human rabies cases occurring in rural areas of this region (2). In 2015, the World Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with Global Alliance for Rabies Control proposed eliminating dog-mediated rabies globally by 2030 (“zero by 2030”). Although the vaccination coverage among registered dogs is required to meet 90% by the National Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Plan (3), current low vaccination coverage in dogs was the main obstacle for China to eliminate dog-transmitted rabies (4). Therefore, it is important to know the impacting factors associated with low dog vaccination rates in rural areas to design well-targeted rabies control programs. This study conducted a household survey on evaluating influencing factors of dog vaccination against rabies using a uniform structural questionnaire to interview 533 dog-owning households out of 2,432 households surveyed in 127 villages of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, a provincial-level administrative division (PLAD) with 24.26 million rural residents in China in 2021, based on a multistage random sampling method. Results indicated that facilitating factors for dog vaccination were injury history of dog bites, awareness of the necessity, and policy help for the costs of dog vaccination, while hindering factors were negative attitudes and inaccessibility to dog vaccinations. It is recommended to scale up free and more accessible mass dog vaccinations, as well as conduct an awareness campaign to improve dog rabies vaccination coverage in rural China.
The study calculated the sample sizes using the formula given by Thrusfield as follows: N=Z2 P (1 − P)/M2. The Z value is 1.96 at the confidence interval (CI) of 95%, P is the estimated domestic dog vaccination coverage percentage, set at 50% in this study, and M is the standard error set at 0.05. The minimum required sample size was 384 households, and this research investigated 533 dog-owning households in total. A multistage random sampling method was used to select 2,432 households in rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China for investigation. The household survey was conducted from January to March 2021. The interviewer asked the selected households whether their family owns any dogs; if the answer was no, then the interview would end; if the answer was yes, then the questionnaire was continued. The family head or a substitute family member aged above 18 years old was interviewed face-to-face. The information collected for each interviewee included the demographical characteristics such as gender, age, education level, reasons for raising dogs, dog vaccination status, the reasons of failing to vaccinate if that was the case, awareness of rabies, and the local dog rabies vaccination cost policy. R software (version 4.0.4, University of Auckland, New Zealand) was used to perform chi-squared tests to do univariate analysis and binary logistic regression model to control the confounding factors, with P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Among the 2,432 households surveyed, 578 households reported owning dogs. The household dog-owning rate was 23.7% (578/2,432). Overall, 45 households failed to answer the vaccination status of the dogs and were excluded. Finally, there were 533 dog-owning households that were investigated. Only 102 out of these 533 households reported having their dogs vaccinated against rabies, with a coverage rate of 19.1% (102/533). The main reasons for owning dogs were guarding the house (84.8%) and liking dogs (32.9%). The main reasons of failing to get their dogs vaccinated against rabies included not knowing the dogs needed to be vaccinated against rabies (51.1%), thinking the process was too troublesome (44.6%), and not knowing where to vaccinate (31.5%) (Table 1).
Reason Households in which dogs were not vaccinated Number Proportion (%) Did not know dogs need to be vaccinated against rabies 214 51.1 Did not know where to vaccinate for dogs 132 31.5 Thought that vaccinating dogs was too troublesome 187 44.6 Vaccination too expensive 46 11.0 Other 30 7.2 * Among 533 households, 431 households did not vaccinate their dogs, and 12 households did not give the reasons. Table 1. Given reasons why households did not vaccinate their dogs in rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2021 (n=419*).
Out of the 533 responders from theses 533 households, 257 responders (48.2%) were male and 276 responders (51.8%) were female. The majority of these responders were young adults and middle-aged people with a median age of 46.2 years old [interquartile range (IQR): 35.0–58.0 years old]. The educational level of the responders was mainly primary school and below (43.5%), and junior middle school (33.4%). The awareness rates of single rabies related knowledge points among respondents ranged from 34.2% to 70.0%, while 13.9% of them had history of injury due to dog bites in the past year.
Univariate analyses results showed that age, education level, awareness of rabies, and injury history of dog bites in the past year were related to dog vaccination status (Table 2). Further binary logistic regression found several promoting factors of dog vaccinations (Table 3). The dog owners who had an injury history of dog bites in the past year were more likely to vaccinate dogs (OR=2.124, 95% CI: 1.059–4.205, P<0.05), compared with those without dog-bite history. Awareness of the necessity and cost policy of dog vaccination were also found to influence dog vaccination. Compared with their respective counterparts, the dog owners who knew that dogs should be vaccinated against rabies (OR=4.956, 95% CI: 2.387–10.914, P<0.01), the dog owners who knew local free policy of dog vaccines against rabies, (OR=3.290, 95% CI: 1.285–8.296, P<0.05), and the dog owners who knew the price of dog vaccination against rabies (OR=1.915, 95% CI: 1.048–3.543, P<0.05) were more likely to vaccinate dogs.
Variable Households in which dogs were vaccinated
n (%)Households in which dogs were not vaccinated
n (%)Total number of observed
n (%)P Gender Male 43 (42.2) 214 (49.7) 257 (48.2) 0.173 Female 59 (57.8) 217 (50.3) 276 (51.8) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Age (years) 18–30 39 (38.2) 76 (17.6) 115 (21.6) 0.000 31–50 39 (38.2) 164 (38.1) 203 (38.1) ≥51 24 (23.5) 191 (44.3) 215 (40.3) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Level of education Primary school and below 24 (23.5) 208 (48.3) 232 (43.5) 0.000 Junior high school 36 (35.3) 142 (32.9) 178 (33.4) Senior high school and above 42 (41.2) 81 (18.8) 123 (23.1) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Can rabies be cured? Yes 56 (54.9) 274 (63.6) 330 (61.9) 0.105 No 46 (45.1) 157 (36.4) 203 (38.1) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Do you know that rabies can be prevented by vaccinations? No 13 (12.7) 147 (34.1) 160 (30.0) 0.000 Yes 89 (87.3) 284 (65.9) 373 (70.0) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Whether there is an injury history of dog bites in the past year? No 80 (78.4) 379 (87.9) 459 (86.1) 0.013 Yes 22 (21.6) 52 (12.1) 74 (13.9) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Do you know that dogs should be vaccinated against rabies? No 12 (12.1) 255 (60.4) 267 (51.2) 0.000 Yes 87 (87.9) 167 (39.6) 254 (48.8) Total 99 (100.0) 422 (100.0) 521 (100.0) Do you know where to vaccinate dogs against rabies? No 34 (33.7) 315 (73.4) 349 (65.8) 0.000 Yes 67 (66.3) 114 (26.6) 181 (34.2) Total 101 (100.0) 429 (100.0) 530 (100.0) Do you know the local policy of dog vaccination against rabies? Unknown 25 (24.5) 271 (62.9) 296 (55.5) 0.000 Charges 63 (61.8) 142 (32.9) 205 (38.5) Free 14 (13.7) 18 (4.2) 32 (6.0) Total 102 (100.0) 431 (100.0) 533 (100.0) Table 2. Dog-owning households rabies vaccination adoption (owning dog being vaccinated or not) in rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2021.
Variable B S.E. Wald P Exp(B) 95% CI Gender Male Ref. Female 0.303 0.259 1.366 0.242 1.354 0.816−2.259 Age (in years) −0.003 0.011 0.058 0.809 0.997 0.976−1.019 Level of education Primary school and below Ref. Junior high school 0.212 0.361 0.344 0.558 1.236 0.608−2.522 High school and above 0.623 0.453 1.896 0.168 1.865 0.769−4.562 Can rabies be cured? Yes Ref. No 0.005 0.262 0.000 0.984 1.005 0.599−1.678 Do you know that rabies can be prevented by vaccinations? No Ref. Yes 0.168 0.384 0.191 0.662 1.183 0.565−2.575 Whether there is an injury history of dog bites in the past year? No Ref. Yes 0.754 0.350 4.636 0.031 2.124 1.059−4.205 Do you know that dogs should be vaccinated against rabies? No Ref. Yes 1.601 0.385 17.257 0.000 4.956 2.387−10.914 Do you know where to vaccinate dogs against rabies? No Ref. Yes 0.519 0.301 2.973 0.085 1.681 0.934−3.051 Do you know the local policy of dog vaccination against rabies? Unknown Ref. Charges 0.650 0.310 4.401 0.036 1.915 1.048−3.543 Free 1.191 0.473 6.342 0.012 3.290 1.285−8.296 Constant −3.736 0.783 22.768 0.000 0.024 0.005−0.107 Notes: The Ref. were used as control groups, such as male, primary school, and below. Rabies awareness rate of single knowledge point = number of people answering correctly for single point /number of people answering this point; dogs are classified as immunized dog if it has been vaccinated once.
Abbreviations: B=partial regression coefficient; S.E.=standard error; Wald=wald test; Exp(B)=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref.=reference.Table 3. Impact factors of dog owner’s adoption of vaccination in rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, based on a binary logistic regression model.
-
This study revealed high dog-owning rates and low dog vaccination coverage in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and that injury history of dog bites, awareness of the necessity, and policy help for the costs of dog vaccination were identified as promoting factors for dog owners’ adoption of dog vaccination, while negative attitude and inaccessibility to dog vaccination were hindering factors.
People with injury history of dog bites had received rabies knowledge through this unpleasant experience, and people who knew the cost policy of dog vaccination may have access to acquire more knowledge about rabies. High understanding level about rabies prophylaxis knowledge and policy might drive people to vaccinate their dogs (5). In addition, local policies providing free canine rabies vaccines has reduced the economic burden on dog owners and further increased their willingness to vaccinate their dogs against rabies. This finding indicated that free mass vaccination program may help encourage dog owners in rural areas to have their dogs vaccinated.
In this study, among the dog owners who failed to vaccinate their dogs, 44.6% thought vaccinating dogs too troublesome and 31.5% did not know where to vaccinate dogs. Similarly, some previous studies also suggested other factors such as a limited number of vaccinating sites and veterinarians, long distance to the sites and veterinary clinic, and feeling difficulty confining the dogs for vaccination would prevent many dog owners from accessing rabies vaccinations (6-7). Therefore, supporting conditions for relevant policies, such as veterinary systems and a free policy, are also important factors affecting dog vaccination against rabies. It is suggested to establish more rural vaccination sites, increase the number of mobile vaccination sites, even consider door-to-door vaccinations to raise the accessibility of dog vaccination service in rural areas, improve treatment and subsidies of veterinarians, increase the number of veterinarians in rural areas, increase the vaccine types provided by the free policy, and strengthen awareness campaign for dog rabies immunization strategies and measures.
The results of this study suggested that 23.7% of all households owned dogs in rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, higher than 18.0% of a rural district in Beijing (8) and higher than urban areas in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China (9). This is related to the reason of keeping dogs for house guarding (10). This research also found that only about 19.1% of dog-owning households reported having their dogs vaccinated, much lower than the minimum requirement to achieve interruptions in dog-mediated rabies spread (1) and also lower than that in economically developed regions, such as 85.0%–100.0% in Shanghai (10), 80.0% in Beijing (11), and above 70% in the Pearl River Delta region in Guangdong Province (4). The findings illustrated that there will still be much room for improving rabies control when progress is achieved in the endemic area (12). This may also be due to a lack of an appropriate incentive system for veterinarians as insufficients veterinarians are at the grassroots level, which when coupled with the limited free vaccination policy coverage, may contribute to much lower vaccination rates in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region when compared to megacities or more economically developed regions. The other reasons may be related to different measuring methods of coverage rate: some studies only include the registered dogs, while others also involve the unregistered dogs using a household survey. Veterinarians are only responsible to administer vaccines to registered dogs (11), but dogs in rural China are seldom registered and leashed, which are difficult to catch and inject with inactivated vaccines (13). Therefore, sub-par dog registration management in PLADs with poor economic development is also one of the reasons for the low vaccination coverage (13).
In conclusion, it is recommended to scale up free and more accessible mass dog vaccination campaign to reduce the rabies risk and even achieve “zero by 2030” in rural areas of China, as well as conduct an awareness campaign. The revised edition of China National Animal Epidemic Prevention Law endorsed in March 2021 required dog owners to vaccinate their dogs against rabies (14), which will promote China towards the elimination of dog-mediated rabies.
This study was subject to some limitations. The dog immunization status was reported by dog owners, and interviewers neither checked the vaccination certificate nor collected data on the number of dogs owned, and the number of dogs vaccinated in each household. Therefore, the reported rate may have some discrepancy with actual cases. The ratios of captive and free roaming dogs and of once immunized dogs and annually immunized dogs are also unclear. Additionally, this study only considered the influence of dog owners on dog vaccination against rabies and did not include the factors associated with the service providers, such as veterinarians, and thus follow-up requiring further qualitative research should be conducted to provide more details to form a better vaccination program.
-
No conflicts of interest.
-
Animals Asia and university student volunteers.
HTML
| Citation: |
|