Genetic and Drug Resistance Characteristics of Campylobacter Isolated — China, 2020–2023

Chang Liu¹; Hairui Wang¹; Yixin Gu¹; Guilan Zhou¹; Xiaoli Chen¹; Xin Zhang¹; Jianzhong Zhang¹; Zhujun Shao¹; Maojun Zhang^1,#

1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Maojun Zhang, zhangmaojun@icdc.cn.

This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter isolates collected throughout China from 2020 to 2023. Campylobacter isolates analyzed in this study were obtained from the National Pathogen Identification Network Center database, maintained by the National Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed against eleven antimicrobial agents. Genomic characteristics were analyzed through comprehensive genome sequence analysis. Between 2020 and 2023, the National Pathogen Identification Network documented 1,077 Campylobacter jejuni and 221 Campylobacter coli isolates. Most isolates originated from patients presenting with diarrhea. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 634 C. jejuni and 165 C. coli isolates. The tested isolates demonstrated high resistance rates to nalidixic acid (78.22%), ciprofloxacin (78.07%), and tetracycline (71.96%). Longitudinal analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results revealed a declining resistance trend from 2020 to 2023. Whole genome sequences were obtained for 540 C. jejuni and 125 C. coli isolates within the database. Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants were identified using the VFDB and CARD databases, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships were established through Snippy 4.0 software analysis based on core genome comparisons. This comprehensive analysis describes the antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic characteristics of Campylobacter isolates collected through the Identification Network Database from 2020 to 2023, establishing a foundational framework for campylobacteriosis control and prevention strategies in China.

分离弯曲菌的遗传与耐药特征 — 中国，2020–2023年

刘畅¹；王海瑞¹；顾一心¹；周贵兰¹；陈晓丽¹；张鑫¹；张建中¹；邵祝军¹；张茂俊^1,#

1. 国家传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，传染病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者: 张茂俊，zhangmaojun@icdc.cn。

本研究旨在描述2020年至2023年在中国收集的弯曲菌的遗传和耐药性特征。本研究中使用的弯曲菌分离株来自中国疾病预防控制中心国家传染病预防控制研究所组织的国家病原体鉴定网络中心数据库。对11种抗菌药物进行了药敏试验。根据基因组序列分析了基因组特征。2020年至2023年，国家病原体鉴定网络报告了1077株空肠弯曲菌和221株结肠弯曲菌。大多数菌株是从腹泻患者身上分离出来的。对分离株进行了药敏试验，其中包括634株空肠弯曲菌和165株结肠弯曲菌。结果显示，弯曲菌对NAL（78.22%）、CIP（78.07%）和TET（71.96%）表现出高度耐药性。药敏试验结果的纵向比较显示，从2020年到2023年，弯曲菌耐药情况呈下降趋势。数据库中报告了540个空肠弯曲菌和125个结肠弯曲菌的全基因组序列。分别使用VFDB和CARD数据库鉴定测序弯曲菌的毒力因子和耐药基因。基于核心基因组，使用Snippy 4.0软件进行系统发育分析。本研究描述了2020年至2023年在鉴定网络数据库中收集的弯曲菌的抗生素耐药性和遗传特征，为中国弯曲菌病的控制和预防提供了基础。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.140

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and Diversity and Distribution of Hantaviruses — China, 2014–2023

Zhangqi Zheng^1,2; Zhuowei Li²; Xiaoxia Huang²; Qin Wang²; Shanshan Du²; Aqian Li²; Tingting Tian²; Chuan Li²; Qihan Lin²; Tiezhu Liu²; Shiwen Wang²; Chun Xie^1,#; Jiandong Li^1,2,#

1. School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, Guzhou Province, China;

2. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Jiandong Li, lijd@ivdc.chinacdc.cn; Chun Xie, xiechun36@163.com.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by hantavirus remains a significant threat to human health in China. The incidence of HFRS, distribution, and evolution dynamics of hantavirus are influenced by factors such as ecological environment, climate, and rapid development; therefore, timely evaluation is essential for prevention and control of HFRS. The spatial, seasonal, temporal distributions, and spatiotemporal analysis of reported HFRS cases in China from 2014 to 2023 were analyzed using Excel 2019, ArcGIS, and SaTScan software. Rodents were trapped at national surveillance sites for HFRS. Genomic sequences of hantaviruses were obtained from lung tissues and aligned with reference genomic sequences using MAFFT. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA11.0. In the past decade, the incidence rate decreased from 1.01/100,000 to below 0.4/100,000; however, areas with hantavirus transmission were expanding. Diversity and distribution of hantaviruses were documented across 22 provincial-level administrative divisions, with 12 genotypes of Hantaan virus and 9 genotypes of Seoul virus identified circulating in China. Significant progress has been made in HFRS control and prevention in China, with declining incidence rates. However, affected areas are expanding, and diverse hantaviruses are widely distributed, creating a risk of incidence rebounding that should not be ignored. More targeted strategies are needed to address potential new and complex challenges that lie ahead.

肾综合征出血热流行特征及汉坦病毒多样性和分布特征研究 — 中国，2014-2023年

郑张琦^1,2；李卓威²；黄晓霞²；王芹²；杜珊珊²；李阿茜²,田婷婷²；李川²；林启晗²；刘铁柱²；王世文²；谢春^1,#；李建东^1,2,#

1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵阳市，贵州省，中国；

2.传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室， 国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室，医学病毒和病毒病重点实验室，病毒病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：李建东，lijd@ivdc.chinacdc.cn；谢春，xiechun36@163.com。

该研究通过分析近年来中国汉坦病毒引起的肾综合征出血热（HFRS）流行特征，掌握汉坦病毒多样性和分布特征，及时评估风险，为HFRS预防、控制策略和措施的制定提供依据。从中国疾病预防控制信息系统（NNDRS）中采集2014-2023年间HFRS报告病例信息，利用Excel 2019、ArcGIS和SaTScan等软件进行描述性和时空聚集流行病学分析，阐述病例空间、季节和时间分布特征；在国家HFRS监测点捕获啮齿动物，检测并开展汉坦病毒基因组序列分析，从GenBank中筛选汉坦病毒基因组序列，用MAFFT进行比对分析，通过MEGA11.0构建系统发育进化树，确定病毒基因型和分布特征。在过去十年中，HFRS发病率从1.01/10万降至0.4/10万以下，高发病县的数量进一步减少，但汉坦病毒累及地区依然在扩大，在22个省范围内鉴定出至少有12种基因型汉坦病毒和9种基因型首尔病毒同时流行，显示了病毒遗传多样性和地区差异性。近年来，中国在HFRS预防与控制方面取得了显著的成绩，发病率显著下降，高发病县区明显减少，但汉坦病毒分布广泛，基因型别多样和区域间差异明显，发病率反弹的风险不容忽视，需要更有针对性的措施来应对未来新发或复杂情形带来的挑战。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.141

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Mycobacterium intracellulare Clinical Isolate

Hongyang Duan^1,2; Da Xu¹; Yujie Gu¹; Ruihuan Wang¹; Guilian Li¹; Haican Liu¹; Machao Li¹; Xiuqin Zhao¹; Kanglin Wan^1,#

1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

2. National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

^# Corresponding author: Kanglin Wan, wankanglin@icdc.com.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) share significant genomic similarity, enabling NTM to induce protective immune responses against MTB infection. This characteristic has led to their increasing application in tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development. This study evaluated the immunological properties of a Mycobacterium intracellulare (Mit) strain to provide scientific evidence for the development of novel TB vaccines. Whole-cell proteins were extracted from the Mit strain CHPC 1.5701 and used to establish a mouse immunization model. Key antibody and cytokine parameters were measured to assess immune responses. Additionally, a subcutaneous air pouch model was developed on the dorsal surface of mice to evaluate neutrophil recruitment capacity. Mice in the experimental group developed high IgG antibody titers (1:921600±446351.3) and demonstrated a Th1-type immune response. Post-immunization serum antibodies exhibited cross-reactivity with MTB whole-cell proteins. The subcutaneous air pouch model revealed substantial neutrophil recruitment following antigen challenge. Mit whole-cell proteins demonstrate potent immunogenicity and cross-reactivity with MTB whole-cell proteins, suggesting potential applications in the immunoprevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

一株胞内分枝杆菌临床分离株的免疫原性研究

段弘扬^1,2；许达¹；谷宇杰¹；王瑞欢¹；李桂莲¹；刘海灿¹；李马超¹；赵秀芹¹；万康林^1,#

1. 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，传染病预防控制所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国；

2. 环境与健康相关产品安全所，中国疾病预防控制中心，北京，中国。

^# 通信作者：万康林，wankanglin@icdc.cn。

非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）与结核分枝杆菌（MTB）具有高度基因组相似性，可诱导针对MTB感染的保护性免疫应答，逐渐被用于结核病疫苗研发。本研究评估了一株胞内分枝杆菌（Mit）的免疫特性，以期为新型结核疫苗的开发提供科学依据。提取Mit菌株CHPC 1.5701的全菌体蛋白，建立小鼠免疫模型，检测重要抗体和细胞因子指标；同时通过小鼠背部皮下气泡模型评估中性粒细胞募集能力。实验组小鼠IgG抗体效价达1:921600±446351.3，并诱导小鼠产生Th1型免疫应答。免疫后血清抗体与MTB全菌体蛋白发生交叉免疫反应，且在小鼠背部皮下气泡模型中观察到大量中性粒细胞募集。Mit全菌体蛋白具有强免疫原性，能与MTB全菌体蛋白产生交叉免疫反应，在结核病免疫预防和治疗领域具备研发潜力。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.142

Isolation and Identification of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans from Black Fungus and Characteristics of the Bon Gene Cluster — Shanghai Municipality, China, 2023

Quan Xiao¹; Chengbing Dai¹; Xinyu Hong¹; Zhixin Fang¹; Jiawei Zhao¹; Haijian Zhou²; Xin Liu³; Libei Xiong¹; Qingli Dong³; Min Chen¹; Huanyu Wu¹; Hongzhi Zhang^1,#

1. Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;

2. State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;

3. School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.

^# Corresponding author: Hongzhi Zhang, zhanghongzhi@scdc.sh.cn.

Burkholderia gladioli (B. gladioli) pathovar cocovenenans (BGC), a foodborne pathogen, can cause lethal poisoning. Most cases have been reported in China, primarily originating from fermented cereal products. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of BGC contamination in commercially available fungi and analyzed the environmental conditions for bongkrekic acid (BA) production in Shanghai. BA testing and animal experiments were conducted to confirm the relationship between bon genes and BA biosynthesis, and to clarify the causes of poisoning. The association between the bon gene cluster and BA synthesis was analyzed through whole-genome sequencing and animal testing to identify the gene cluster responsible for BA synthesis. The overall detection rate of B. gladioli in the 85 samples was 44.7% (38/85). The highest detection rate was in dried black fungus (94.4%; 34/36), followed by fresh T. fuciformis (16.6%; 2/12), fresh black fungus (9.1%; 1/11), and dried T. fuciformis (3.8%; 1/26). BGC was detected only in dried black fungus, with a detection rate of 39% (14/36). In the crude extract solutions obtained from the 14 BGC cultures, BA concentrations ranged from 0.33 µg/mL to 714.83 µg/mL. Both the crude extract solution and the ten-fold concentrated solution caused death in mice. The results of this study demonstrate that all BGC strains carry the bon gene cluster encoding BA, indicating that bonABCDFGIJKLM plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of BA.

黑木耳中唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌耶毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种的分离鉴定及其bon基因簇特征 — 上海市，中国，2023年

肖泉¹; 戴承兵¹; 洪新宇¹; 方沚昕¹; 赵佳伟¹; 周海健²; 刘欣³; 熊力蓓¹; 董庆利³; 陈敏¹; 吴寰宇¹; 张红芝^1,#

1. 上海市疾病预防控制中心, 上海, 中国；

2. 传染病预防与控制国家重点实验室, 国家传染病和预防研究所, 中国疾病预防控制中心, 北京, 中国；

3. 上海理工大学健康科学与工程学院, 上海, 中国。

^# 通信作者：张红芝,zhanghongzhi@scdc.sh.cn。

唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌（椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种）（Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans，BGC）是一种可以引起致命中毒的食源性致病菌。目前报道的相关中毒事件多数发生在中国，由发酵病变的米面制品引起。本研究旨在分析上海市售木耳和银耳中BGC的污染情况，确认米酵菌酸的bon基因簇和米酵菌酸合成之间的关联性，并明确其引起中毒的原因。全基因组测序分析编码米酵菌酸合成的基因簇（bon基因簇），米酵菌酸含量测定和动物试验分析bon基因簇与米酵菌酸合成之间的关联性。85份样品中，有38份检出唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌，检出率为44.7%。其中浸泡的干木耳中检出率最高，达到94.4%（34/36），其次是鲜银耳，检出率为16.6%（2/12），鲜木耳中检出率为9.1%（1/11），浸泡的干银耳检出率为3.8%（1/26）。BGC仅在浸泡的干木耳中检出，检出率为39%（14/36）。检出的14株BGC经培养提取的粗提液中均检出米酵菌酸，浓度最低为0.33 µg/mL，最高为714.83 µg/mL，其粗提液原液及十倍浓缩液均致小鼠死亡。本研究结果显示BGC菌株均携带编码米酵菌酸的bon基因簇，且bon基因簇在米酵菌酸合成过程中发挥关键作用。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2025.143