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Vital Surveillances: Community-Based Management and Treatment Services for Psychosis — China, 2019

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  • Psychoses as defined by National Basic Public Health Services include schizophrenia, delusional disorders, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder due to epilepsy, and mental retardation with psychotic symptoms. Psychosis in this study referred to the six kinds of psychoses.
    Eastern region consists of 11 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan); central region consists of 8 PLADs (Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan); western region consists of 12 PLADs (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang (Tibet), Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.
    The number of registered patients is equal the number of registered patients who were alive by December 31, 2019 add the number of registered patients who died during January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.
  • [1] Huang YQ, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu ZR, Yu X, Yan J, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Psychiatry 2019;6(3):211 − 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30511-XCrossRef
    [2] Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. National basic public health services regulates (2009). 2009. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jws/s3581r/200910/fe1cdd87dcfa4622abca696c712d77e8.shtml?from=singlemessage. [2020-9-10]. (In Chinese). http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jws/s3581r/200910/fe1cdd87dcfa4622abca696c712d77e8.shtml?from=singlemessage
    [3] World Health Organization. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013−2020. 2013. https://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/. [2020-9-10].https://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/
    [4] General Office of the State Council. National mental health work plan of the People’s Republic of China (2015−2020). 2015. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-06/18/content_9860.htm. [2020-9-10]. (In Chinese). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-06/18/content_9860.htm
    [5] Zhang WF, Ma N. China’s national comprehensive management pilot project for mental health. BJPsych Int 2017;14(2):44 − 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001781CrossRef
    [6] Wang X, Ma N, Wang LY, Yan J, Jin TL, Wu XM, et al. Management and services for psychosis in People’s Republic of China in 2014. Chin J Psychiatry 2016;49(3):182 − 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7884.2016.03.012 (In Chinese). CrossRef
    [7] Wu XM, Ma N, Wang LY, Zhang SB, Wang X, Zhang WF, et al. Management and services for psychosis in People’s Republic of China in 2015. Chin J Psychiatry 2017;50(4):302 − 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7884.2017.04.013 (In Chinese). CrossRef
    [8] Wang X, Ma N, Wang LY, Zhang SB, Wu XM, Zhang WF, et al. Management and services for psychosis in People’s Republic of China in 2016. Chin J Psychiatry 2018;51(1):47 − 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7884.2018.01.010 (In Chinese). CrossRef
    [9] Wu XM, Ma N, Wang X, Zhang WF, Guan LL, Ma H, et al. Management and services for psychosis in People’s Republic of China in 2017. Chin J Psychiatry 2019;52(1):82 − 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7884.2019.01.008 (In Chinese). CrossRef
    [10] Chen RZ, Wu XM, Ma N. Mental health policy and implementation from 2009 to 2019 in China. Chin Ment Health J 2020;34(7): 555 − 60. http://zxws.cbpt.cnki.net/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=5adc5542-758b-4ed9-b8ce-2c3132431d8b. (In Chinese). http://zxws.cbpt.cnki.net/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=5adc5542-758b-4ed9-b8ce-2c3132431d8b
    [11] National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Work regulation on management and treatment for psychosis (2018). 2018. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s7932/201806/90d5fe3b7f48453db9b9beb85dfdc8a8.shtml. [2020-9-10]. (In Chinese). http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s7932/201806/90d5fe3b7f48453db9b9beb85dfdc8a8.shtml
  • TABLE 1.  Demographic characteristics and diagnosis of real-time registered patients with psychosis — China, 2019.

    Characteristics Number of patients Constituent ratio (%)
    Gender
    Male 3,168,381 50.86
    Female 3,061,776 49.14
    Age, years
    <18 111,552 1.79
    18–44 2,399,698 38.52
    45–59 2,246,142 36.05
    ≥60 1,472,765 23.64
    Residential area type
    Urban 1,882,938 30.22
    Rural 4,202,474 67.45
    Unknown 144,745 2.32
    Educational level
    Illiterate or semi-illiterate 1,641,161 26.34
    Primary school or junior high school 3,403,397 54.63
    Senior high school or technical secondary school 591,346 9.49
    College and above 323,332 5.19
    Unknown 270,921 4.35
    Ethnicity
    Han 5,858,214 94.03
    Minority 371,943 5.97
    Marriage
    Unmarried 2,236,031 35.89
    Married 3,369,046 54.08
    Widowed 201,051 3.23
    Divorced 296,366 4.76
    Unknown 127,663 2.05
    Occupation
    Employed 162,246 2.60
    Farmers 3,706,379 59.49
    Laid off or unemployed 740,243 11.88
    Students 218,851 3.51
    Retired 172,534 2.77
    Other 1,229,904 19.74
    Diagnosis
    Schizophrenia 4,491,447 72.09
    Delusional disorders 28,306 0.45
    Schizoaffective disorder 91,543 1.47
    Bipolar disorder 423,654 6.80
    Psychotic disorder due to epilepsy 344,630 5.53
    Mental retardation with psychotic symptoms 850,577 13.65
    In total 6,230,157 100.00
    Download: CSV

    TABLE 2.  Registration*, community-based management and treatment of patients with psychosis — China, 2019.

    Provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) Number of permanent residents Registered patients Patients under follow-up services Patients under regular follow-up services Patients taking antipsychotics Patients taking antipsychotics regularly Number of patients at home under follow-up services Patients with stable condition
    Number Registration rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%)
    Beijing 21,707,000 81,073 0.365 77,417 95.49 75,077 92.60 73,640 90.83 60,973 75.21 70,067 68,320 97.51
    Tianjin 15,568,693 58,609 0.370 53,358 91.04 49,654 84.72 51,610 88.06 40,173 68.54 49,903 45,614 91.41
    Hebei 75,195,198 327,356 0.427 307,441 93.92 273,874 83.66 280,127 85.57 159,251 48.65 302,684 258,030 85.25
    Shanxi 37,023,500 160,487 0.427 146,223 91.11 131,682 82.05 126,696 78.94 79,657 49.63 143,451 131,165 91.44
    Inner Mongolia 25,286,999 115,963 0.458 110,358 95.17 104,546 90.15 105,069 90.61 78,678 67.85 107,157 94,316 88.02
    Liaoning 43,688,987 189,091 0.425 171,474 90.68 161,231 85.27 143,576 75.93 90,098 47.65 159,164 147,443 92.64
    Jilin 27,174,297 121,960 0.441 113,914 93.40 104,676 85.83 97,875 80.25 54,788 44.92 108,939 106,697 97.94
    Heilongjiang 37,887,012 165,919 0.431 140,905 84.92 119,139 71.81 115,025 69.33 53,689 32.36 135,637 119,754 88.29
    Shanghai 24,183,297 101,704 0.414 97,236 95.61 94,256 92.68 83,026 81.63 61,424 60.39 86,363 84,660 98.03
    Jiangsu 80,293,076 343,242 0.421 329,390 95.96 315,967 92.05 279,006 81.29 200,155 58.31 318,612 299,928 94.14
    Zhejiang 56,569,979 277,397 0.488 255,669 92.17 220,282 79.41 241,670 87.12 195,728 70.56 242,733 204,423 84.22
    Anhui 62,548,000 302,224 0.476 287,774 95.22 257,866 85.32 265,341 87.80 186,358 61.66 281,055 255,436 90.88
    Fujian 39,109,988 176,306 0.444 163,217 92.58 152,893 86.72 147,015 83.39 100,072 56.76 150,177 136,721 91.04
    Jiangxi 46,220,986 211,397 0.453 203,648 96.33 176,653 83.56 195,741 92.59 131,720 62.31 195,691 176,159 90.02
    Shandong 100,058,292 453,958 0.444 440,340 97.00 409,649 90.24 422,528 93.08 300,579 66.21 429,562 408,111 95.01
    Henan 95,591,264 447,269 0.460 417,561 93.36 344,442 77.01 391,130 87.45 215,739 48.23 412,198 331,258 80.36
    Hubei 59,020,004 299,682 0.501 281,984 94.09 241,281 80.51 256,396 85.56 151,723 50.63 270,734 223,946 82.72
    Hunan 68,600,694 313,549 0.448 306,686 97.81 285,568 91.08 296,801 94.66 204,829 65.33 290,495 268,186 92.32
    Guangdong 111,689,993 535,499 0.473 512,970 95.79 489,952 91.49 466,805 87.17 332,065 62.01 482,728 407,170 84.35
    Guangxi 48,849,998 232,655 0.476 207,535 89.20 191,434 82.28 171,945 73.91 107,791 46.33 198,281 183,578 92.58
    Hainan 10,021,802 44,286 0.436 40,363 91.14 34,190 77.20 32,974 74.46 19,893 44.92 37,361 31,669 84.76
    Chongqing 30,751,601 141,330 0.451 133,022 94.12 126,965 89.84 114,663 81.13 67,609 47.84 120,275 104,031 86.49
    Sichuan 83,019,999 387,059 0.457 370,864 95.82 347,239 89.71 299,710 77.43 169,227 43.72 330,384 283,103 85.69
    Guizhou 35,800,002 165,802 0.454 154,847 93.39 138,933 83.79 138,382 83.46 54,099 32.63 139,772 116,615 83.43
    Yunnan 48,004,978 230,482 0.480 215,879 93.66 171,499 74.41 172,658 74.91 79,772 34.61 209,144 153,353 73.32
    Xizang(Tibet) 3,371,490 4,547 0.133 4,428 97.38 2,374 52.21 2,654 58.37 516 11.35 4,425 1,295 29.27
    Shaanxi 38,354,419 182,320 0.468 165,721 90.90 147,480 80.89 142,264 78.03 73,655 40.40 161,226 150,803 93.54
    Gansu 26,257,100 112,593 0.429 105,267 93.49 96,346 85.57 73,462 65.25 33,121 29.42 104,361 88,268 84.58
    Qinghai 5,983,797 19,776 0.326 16,841 85.16 11,342 57.35 10,964 55.44 4,786 24.20 16,814 14,024 83.41
    Ningxia 6,817,795 28,032 0.406 26,356 94.02 24,145 86.13 20,778 74.12 13,266 47.32 25,611 21,702 84.74
    Xinjiang 21,441,404 76,517 0.351 73,845 96.51 63,978 83.61 66,346 86.71 27,473 35.90 68,285 48,895 71.60
    Construction Corps 3,005,309 12,571 0.411 12,191 96.98 10,639 84.63 9,780 77.80 5,344 42.51 11,348 9,641 84.96
    In total 1,389,096,953 6,320,655 0.449 5,944,724 94.05 5,375,252 85.04 5,295,657 83.78 3,354,251 53.07 5,664,637 4,974,314 87.81
    * The number of registered patients is equal the number of registered patients who were alive by December 31, 2019 add the number of registered patients who died during January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.
    Download: CSV

    TABLE 3.  Regional comparison of community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis — China, 2019.

    Eastern Region (N=11) Central Region (N=8) Western Region (N=13) H p
    Registration rate (%) 0.441 0.459 0.449 2.511 0.285
    Management rate (%) 94.61 93.88 93.42 0.046 0.977
    Regular management rate (%) 87.97 82.14 84.05 4.424 0.109
    Medication-taking rate(%) 85.85 86.28 77.70 7.749 0.021
    Regular medication-taking rate (%) 60.27 53.31 41.82 13.519 0.001
    Patients’ stable rate (%) 89.82 87.73 84.81 6.042 0.049
    Download: CSV

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Community-Based Management and Treatment Services for Psychosis — China, 2019

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  • 1. Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
  • Corresponding author:

    Ning Ma, maning@bjmu.edu.cn

    Online Date: October 09 2020
    Issue Date: October 09 2020
    doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.217
  • Introduction: Community-based services for psychosis are an important part of mental health services in China. We analyzed community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis in China in 2019 to provide evidence for policymaking and services delivering.

    Methods: Data from the National Information System for Psychosis were used to analyze usage of the information system and the registration, management, and treatment situation of patients with psychosis in China in 2019 and compared the results of 2019 with that of 2018.

    Results: In 2019, 100% of cities and counties used the information system and 6,230,157 patients were registered. In 2019, there were 5,944,724 registered patients (94.05%) in China under community-based follow-up services and 5,375,252 patients (85.04%) had regular follow-ups; 5,295,657 patients (83.78%) were treated by taking antipsychotics and 3,354,251 (53.07%) patients took medication regularly; 4,974,314 patients at home (87.81%) were in stable condition; and there was a significant difference in patients’ stable condition and medication-taking rates among eastern, central, and western regions (p<0.05). Compared with 2018, the nationwide regular management rate, medication-taking rate, regular medication-taking rate, and patients’ stable rate increased by 2.35%, 2.48%, 11.29%, and 7.21% respectively.

    Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice: Compared with 2018, the level of management and treatment improved significantly but still needs to be further strengthened, especially in western China.

  • Psychosis is early onset, long course, easily recurrent, highly disabling, and has a heavy disease burden (1). Most patients with psychosis need to take long-term medication to control the disease. Over the past decade, the Chinese government committed to developing community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis, which is an important part of mental health services in China. In 2009, the community-based follow-up services of patients with 6 kinds of psychoses were included in the national basic public health services (2). In this study, we analyzed community-based follow-up and treatment of patients with psychosis in China in 2019 and compared the results with indicators from 2018 to explore progress, discussed key issues in community-based service delivery, and provided references for the government on policymaking and service delivery in mental health.

    • Data from the National Information System for Psychosis of China was used, which contained information on demographic characteristics, mental state, and follow-up and treatment records in community with six confirmed types of psychoses. Psychiatrists were responsible for clarifying diagnoses, inputting the data, and transferring patients’ information to local communities through the system. Community mental health workers were responsible for the screening and follow-up of patients with psychosis in the community and inputting relevant data promptly into the information system. Workers in health administrative departments and mental illness prevention and control technology management institutions were responsible for auditing and quality control of data. The number of permanent residents was derived from data of China CDC as of December 31, 2019.

      SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc.) was used for data cleaning and analysis. Descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis Test were used to analyze usage of the information system and the quality of the data on registration and community-based follow-up and treatment of patients with psychosis in China and its regions (the duration of service provision was from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019) and to compare the results of 2019 with 2018. The analytical unit of correlation analysis and regional differences in the analysis were at the provincial level. The statistical significance level (α) was set at 0.05.

      According to the routine work requirements in community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis, 6 indicators were selected as the main statistical indicators in the study: 1) registration rate (%) = the number of registered patients/the total number of permanent residents in the jurisdiction × 100%; registered patients refer to patients who were alive by December 31, 2019; 2) management rate (%) = the number of patients under follow-up services/the number of registered patients × 100%; patients under follow-up services referred to patients with at least one complete follow-up on record in 2019; 3) regular management rate (%) = the number of patients under regular follow-up services/the number of registered patients × 100%; patients under regular follow-up services referred to patients who were followed up at least once every three months in 2019; 4) medication-taking rate (%) = the number of patients taking antipsychotics/the number of registered patients × 100%; patients taking antipsychotics referred to patients who had at least one follow-up record of taking antipsychotics in 2019; 5) regular medication-taking rate (%) = the number of patients taking antipsychotics regularly/the number of registered patients × 100%; patients taking antipsychotics regularly referred to patients taking medication according to the doctor’s prescription in 2019; 6) patients’ stable rate (%) = the number of patients with stable condition of disease/the number of patients at home under follow-up services × 100%; patients with stable condition of disease referred to patients who were in stable condition in each follow-up record in 2019.

    • In 2019, 333 cities and 2,854 districts/counties across the country all used the National Information System for Psychosis. This was the first year to achieve full coverage of all cities and counties in the information system (332 cities and 2,832 counties were covered in 2018).

      There were 6,230,157 patients with psychosis registered in the information system on December 31, 2019 (236,103 more cases, a 3.94% increase, compared with that on December 31, 2018). Among registered patients, schizophrenic patients accounted for 72.09%; males accounted for 50.86%; working-age patients (18–59 years old) accounted for 74.57%; married patients accounted for 54.08%; 67.45% of patients lived in rural areas; 59.49% of patients were farmers and only 2.60% were employed; 80.97% of patients’ education level were with junior high school or below. (Table 1)

      Characteristics Number of patients Constituent ratio (%)
      Gender
      Male 3,168,381 50.86
      Female 3,061,776 49.14
      Age, years
      <18 111,552 1.79
      18–44 2,399,698 38.52
      45–59 2,246,142 36.05
      ≥60 1,472,765 23.64
      Residential area type
      Urban 1,882,938 30.22
      Rural 4,202,474 67.45
      Unknown 144,745 2.32
      Educational level
      Illiterate or semi-illiterate 1,641,161 26.34
      Primary school or junior high school 3,403,397 54.63
      Senior high school or technical secondary school 591,346 9.49
      College and above 323,332 5.19
      Unknown 270,921 4.35
      Ethnicity
      Han 5,858,214 94.03
      Minority 371,943 5.97
      Marriage
      Unmarried 2,236,031 35.89
      Married 3,369,046 54.08
      Widowed 201,051 3.23
      Divorced 296,366 4.76
      Unknown 127,663 2.05
      Occupation
      Employed 162,246 2.60
      Farmers 3,706,379 59.49
      Laid off or unemployed 740,243 11.88
      Students 218,851 3.51
      Retired 172,534 2.77
      Other 1,229,904 19.74
      Diagnosis
      Schizophrenia 4,491,447 72.09
      Delusional disorders 28,306 0.45
      Schizoaffective disorder 91,543 1.47
      Bipolar disorder 423,654 6.80
      Psychotic disorder due to epilepsy 344,630 5.53
      Mental retardation with psychotic symptoms 850,577 13.65
      In total 6,230,157 100.00

      Table 1.  Demographic characteristics and diagnosis of real-time registered patients with psychosis — China, 2019.

      In 2019, the national registration rate of psychosis was 0.449%, with 3.46% increase compared with 2018 (0.434%). Among all 31 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the registration rate in Hubei Province was the highest (0.501%). (Table 2)

      Provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) Number of permanent residents Registered patients Patients under follow-up services Patients under regular follow-up services Patients taking antipsychotics Patients taking antipsychotics regularly Number of patients at home under follow-up services Patients with stable condition
      Number Registration rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%)
      Beijing 21,707,000 81,073 0.365 77,417 95.49 75,077 92.60 73,640 90.83 60,973 75.21 70,067 68,320 97.51
      Tianjin 15,568,693 58,609 0.370 53,358 91.04 49,654 84.72 51,610 88.06 40,173 68.54 49,903 45,614 91.41
      Hebei 75,195,198 327,356 0.427 307,441 93.92 273,874 83.66 280,127 85.57 159,251 48.65 302,684 258,030 85.25
      Shanxi 37,023,500 160,487 0.427 146,223 91.11 131,682 82.05 126,696 78.94 79,657 49.63 143,451 131,165 91.44
      Inner Mongolia 25,286,999 115,963 0.458 110,358 95.17 104,546 90.15 105,069 90.61 78,678 67.85 107,157 94,316 88.02
      Liaoning 43,688,987 189,091 0.425 171,474 90.68 161,231 85.27 143,576 75.93 90,098 47.65 159,164 147,443 92.64
      Jilin 27,174,297 121,960 0.441 113,914 93.40 104,676 85.83 97,875 80.25 54,788 44.92 108,939 106,697 97.94
      Heilongjiang 37,887,012 165,919 0.431 140,905 84.92 119,139 71.81 115,025 69.33 53,689 32.36 135,637 119,754 88.29
      Shanghai 24,183,297 101,704 0.414 97,236 95.61 94,256 92.68 83,026 81.63 61,424 60.39 86,363 84,660 98.03
      Jiangsu 80,293,076 343,242 0.421 329,390 95.96 315,967 92.05 279,006 81.29 200,155 58.31 318,612 299,928 94.14
      Zhejiang 56,569,979 277,397 0.488 255,669 92.17 220,282 79.41 241,670 87.12 195,728 70.56 242,733 204,423 84.22
      Anhui 62,548,000 302,224 0.476 287,774 95.22 257,866 85.32 265,341 87.80 186,358 61.66 281,055 255,436 90.88
      Fujian 39,109,988 176,306 0.444 163,217 92.58 152,893 86.72 147,015 83.39 100,072 56.76 150,177 136,721 91.04
      Jiangxi 46,220,986 211,397 0.453 203,648 96.33 176,653 83.56 195,741 92.59 131,720 62.31 195,691 176,159 90.02
      Shandong 100,058,292 453,958 0.444 440,340 97.00 409,649 90.24 422,528 93.08 300,579 66.21 429,562 408,111 95.01
      Henan 95,591,264 447,269 0.460 417,561 93.36 344,442 77.01 391,130 87.45 215,739 48.23 412,198 331,258 80.36
      Hubei 59,020,004 299,682 0.501 281,984 94.09 241,281 80.51 256,396 85.56 151,723 50.63 270,734 223,946 82.72
      Hunan 68,600,694 313,549 0.448 306,686 97.81 285,568 91.08 296,801 94.66 204,829 65.33 290,495 268,186 92.32
      Guangdong 111,689,993 535,499 0.473 512,970 95.79 489,952 91.49 466,805 87.17 332,065 62.01 482,728 407,170 84.35
      Guangxi 48,849,998 232,655 0.476 207,535 89.20 191,434 82.28 171,945 73.91 107,791 46.33 198,281 183,578 92.58
      Hainan 10,021,802 44,286 0.436 40,363 91.14 34,190 77.20 32,974 74.46 19,893 44.92 37,361 31,669 84.76
      Chongqing 30,751,601 141,330 0.451 133,022 94.12 126,965 89.84 114,663 81.13 67,609 47.84 120,275 104,031 86.49
      Sichuan 83,019,999 387,059 0.457 370,864 95.82 347,239 89.71 299,710 77.43 169,227 43.72 330,384 283,103 85.69
      Guizhou 35,800,002 165,802 0.454 154,847 93.39 138,933 83.79 138,382 83.46 54,099 32.63 139,772 116,615 83.43
      Yunnan 48,004,978 230,482 0.480 215,879 93.66 171,499 74.41 172,658 74.91 79,772 34.61 209,144 153,353 73.32
      Xizang(Tibet) 3,371,490 4,547 0.133 4,428 97.38 2,374 52.21 2,654 58.37 516 11.35 4,425 1,295 29.27
      Shaanxi 38,354,419 182,320 0.468 165,721 90.90 147,480 80.89 142,264 78.03 73,655 40.40 161,226 150,803 93.54
      Gansu 26,257,100 112,593 0.429 105,267 93.49 96,346 85.57 73,462 65.25 33,121 29.42 104,361 88,268 84.58
      Qinghai 5,983,797 19,776 0.326 16,841 85.16 11,342 57.35 10,964 55.44 4,786 24.20 16,814 14,024 83.41
      Ningxia 6,817,795 28,032 0.406 26,356 94.02 24,145 86.13 20,778 74.12 13,266 47.32 25,611 21,702 84.74
      Xinjiang 21,441,404 76,517 0.351 73,845 96.51 63,978 83.61 66,346 86.71 27,473 35.90 68,285 48,895 71.60
      Construction Corps 3,005,309 12,571 0.411 12,191 96.98 10,639 84.63 9,780 77.80 5,344 42.51 11,348 9,641 84.96
      In total 1,389,096,953 6,320,655 0.449 5,944,724 94.05 5,375,252 85.04 5,295,657 83.78 3,354,251 53.07 5,664,637 4,974,314 87.81
      * The number of registered patients is equal the number of registered patients who were alive by December 31, 2019 add the number of registered patients who died during January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

      Table 2.  Registration*, community-based management and treatment of patients with psychosis — China, 2019.

      By the end of 2019, 5,944,724 patients in China were under community-based follow-up services with an annual management rate of 94.05%, which was slightly lower than that of 2018 (94.90%). A total of 5,375,252 patients were under regular follow-up services with an annual regular management rate of 85.04%, which was 2.35% higher than that of 2018 (82.69%). Among all 31 PLADs and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hunan Province had the highest management rate (97.81%), and Shanghai Municipality had the highest regular management rate (92.68%). (Table 2)

      Moreover, 5,295,657 patients were treated by taking antipsychotics in 2019 with an annual medication-taking rate of 83.78%, which was 2.48% higher than that of 2018 (81.30%). A total of 3,354,251 patients took antipsychotics regularly with an annual regular medication-taking rate of 53.07%, which was 11.29% higher than that of 2018 (41.78%). In 2019, there were 4,974,314 patients in stable condition, with an annual patients’ stable rate of 87.81%, which was 7.21% higher than that of 2018 (80.60%). Among all 31 PLADs and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hunan Province had the highest medication-taking rate (94.66%), Beijing Municipality had the highest regular medication-taking rate (75.21%), and Shanghai Municipality had the highest patients’ stable rate (98.03%). (Table 2)

      In 2019, significant differences existed among eastern, central, and western regions of China in patients’ medication-taking rate, regular medication-taking rate, and stable rate (p<0.05). All the three rates were the lowest in the western region. (Table 3)

      Eastern Region (N=11) Central Region (N=8) Western Region (N=13) H p
      Registration rate (%) 0.441 0.459 0.449 2.511 0.285
      Management rate (%) 94.61 93.88 93.42 0.046 0.977
      Regular management rate (%) 87.97 82.14 84.05 4.424 0.109
      Medication-taking rate(%) 85.85 86.28 77.70 7.749 0.021
      Regular medication-taking rate (%) 60.27 53.31 41.82 13.519 0.001
      Patients’ stable rate (%) 89.82 87.73 84.81 6.042 0.049

      Table 3.  Regional comparison of community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis — China, 2019.

    • The Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 adopted in the 66th World Health Assembly made 2 of the 4 objectives focused on providing comprehensive, integrated, and responsive mental health and social care services in community-based settings and strengthening information systems, evidence, and research for mental health (3). In recent years, the Chinese government has put the two objectives as priority areas in enhancing the mental health service system and issued a series of policy projects, such as National Mental Health Work Plan (2015–2020) (4) and National Comprehensive Management Pilot Project for Mental Health Service (5), and built the National Information System for Psychosis in 2011. The coverage of community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis in China has been expanding year over year for both coverage areas and registered patients, and the registration rate has increased by 41.6% in 5 years (6-9).

      The overall level of community-based follow-up and treatment services for psychosis has been improved in 2019. In past 5 years, the nationwide management rate, regular management rate, medication-taking rate, regular medication-taking rate and patients’ stable rate increased by 27.56%, 137.74%, 139.10%, 196.15%, and 29.82% respectively (6). The National Mental Health Work Plan of China (2015–2020) (4) laid out 5-year work objectives on community-based management and treatment for psychosis and has contributed greatly to the rapid improvement. Since the work plan launched in 2015, the National Health Commission (NHC) of China has actively issued relevant policies (10) and work regulations (11), carried out national pilot projects on comprehensive management for mental health jointly with multiple departments (5), conducted nationwide capacity-building training especially in the western region, and organized work experience exchange among PLADs and pilot cities. In the meanwhile, provincial and municipal governments issued a number of healthcare security and life assistance policies, raised funds on mental health through multiple channels and conducted technical guidance and personnel training especially for practitioners at the county level and below to enhance their ability to diagnose and treat mental illness. To a considerable extent, these measures promoted the improvement of the provision and quality of community-based services for psychosis in the last 5 years.

      In addition, the rates of medication-taking have improved significantly between 2019 and 2018. The gap between patients’ medication-taking rate and regular medication-taking rate was 30.71% in 2019. Although the gap is smaller than that of 2018 (39.52%), it is still needed to be further reduced through enhancing healthcare security policies and more health education to improve patients’ medication compliance. Similarly, the regular management rate was 9.01% lower than the management rate in 2019, which revealed that quality control of follow-up services needed to be further strengthened.

      Regional differences in patients’ medication-taking and stable condition were also significant in 2019. PLADs with better comprehensive services performance were mainly concentrated in the eastern region and were interspersed in the central region. Community-based services in the western region needed to be further improved, especially in patients’ medication-taking. The government should investigate and analyze difficulties in community-based mental health services in the western region, further focus on priority areas, and take effective measures such as providing financial support, more practical capacity building training, and appropriate skills guidance to remove barriers in service delivery and improve patients’ stable condition in the western region.

      In conclusion, patients’ stable condition and community-based services provision for psychosis in 2019 were better than those in 2018, and all work indicators have been significantly improved in the past 5 years. In the future, more attention should be paid on improving quality of services (e.g. medication-taking) and strengthening community-based services delivery in the western region.

      Acknowledgments: Special thanks to workers in health institutions at all levels for collecting and reporting patients’ information in accordance with relevant requirements and regulations of the government and to workers in health administrative departments and mental illness prevention and control technology management institutions at all levels for the audit and quality control of the data.

      Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest were reported.

  • Psychoses as defined by National Basic Public Health Services include schizophrenia, delusional disorders, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder due to epilepsy, and mental retardation with psychotic symptoms. Psychosis in this study referred to the six kinds of psychoses.
    Eastern region consists of 11 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan); central region consists of 8 PLADs (Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan); western region consists of 12 PLADs (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang (Tibet), Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.
    The number of registered patients is equal the number of registered patients who were alive by December 31, 2019 add the number of registered patients who died during January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.
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