Late human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis remains prevalent among older adults in China; however, recent national-level evidence characterizing its correlates remains limited.

Using nationwide surveillance data spanning 2022–2024 and employing two complementary analytical approaches, this study identified transmission route and geographic region as primary correlates of late HIV diagnosis. Decision-tree analysis further identified two distinct subgroups in eastern China exhibiting particularly elevated proportions of late diagnosis.

These findings provide epidemiological evidence to inform more targeted HIV screening strategies tailored to specific population subgroups, geographic regions, and diagnostic settings.

The impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains controversial across studies.

Using stratified matching methods, we constructed two cohorts — one with HIV/HCV co-infection and one with HIV mono-infection — to compare ART outcomes. Our analysis revealed that HIV/HCV co-infected individuals faced significantly elevated risks of mortality, virological failure, and attrition relative to their HIV mono-infected counterparts.

Enhanced prevention, screening, and management (including treatment) of hepatitis C virus within people living with human immunodeficiency virus should be prioritized and strengthened as part of routine clinical care.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectively prevents human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM); however, its uptake in China remains low.

In a prospective cohort of MSM in Qingdao, recent PrEP use doubled from 4.6% in June 2024 to 10.4% in June 2025, which was accompanied by decreased condomless anal intercourse and increased HIV testing. MSM who seek sexual partners online are less likely to use PrEP.

Public health strategies should prioritize targeted digital interventions for MSM who primarily seek sexual partners online, reinforce health education on the benefits of PrEP, and institutionalize PrEP referral pathways to accelerate PrEP scale-up.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an orthopoxvirus comprising two major genetic clades: clade Ⅰ (subclades Ⅰa and Ⅰb) and clade Ⅱ (subclades Ⅱa and Ⅱb). The 2022–2023 global outbreak was predominantly driven by clade Ⅱb. Clade Ⅰ viruses remain endemic in Central Africa, particularly Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and are historically associated with higher virulence and fatality rates.

Two imported MPXV cases were detected in Shanghai via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2025, both originating from DRC. Clade-specific PCR and whole-genome sequencing identified clade Ⅰa.

These cases underscore the ongoing risk of MPXV importation through international travel. The successful detection and management of these clade Ⅰa infections demonstrate the critical importance of port entry screening, enhanced surveillance systems, and coordinated multi-agency prevention and control strategies.