Comprehensive data characterizing sleep patterns across China’s diverse population remain scarce.

Among Chinese residents aged 15 years and older, this study found a mean sleep duration of 7.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.16, 7.32] hours, a mean sleep latency of 27.45 (26.39, 28.51) minutes, a mean bedtime of 22:08 (21:58, 22:18), and a mean wake-up time of 6:18 (6:06, 6:30). Sleep patterns varied considerably across age groups and other demographic characteristics.

Rather than adopting uniform guidelines, public health interventions should implement tailored, context-specific sleep strategies that effectively address the distinct needs of diverse population groups.

Sleep quality is a critical health determinant among older adults.

The prevalence of poor sleep quality among community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and above was 48.39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 46.95%, 49.83%]. Sleep problems across all dimensions were more pronounced in females, rural residents, and individuals with depressive symptoms.

Sleep quality screening and intervention efforts should be strengthened, particularly for high-risk groups such as women, rural residents, and older adults with depression or chronic diseases.

The prevalence of metabolic multimorbidity is rising in China and has been linked to lifestyle factors; however, evidence characterizing the dynamic transitions across disease states and the stage-specific influence of lifestyle behaviors remains scarce.

At baseline, the prevalence of metabolic multimorbidity was 24.14%, with males, older adults, and individuals with adverse lifestyle behaviors bearing a disproportionately elevated risk. Hepatic steatosis was associated with a markedly increased risk of progression to multimorbidity, while smoking, high-salt diets, and irregular physical activity each showed differential associations with specific disease transition pathways.

Lifestyle behaviors exert meaningful influence at every stage of metabolic disease progression, identifying them as priority targets for stage-specific prevention and control strategies in China.

Vaccination remains a topic of widespread public concern. To ensure that professionals could deliver accurate information to the public directly and efficiently, Suzhou established a dedicated immunization program consultation hotline in 2018. To date, comprehensive, long-term standardized statistical analyses of immunization consultation hotlines in China remain scarce. This study analyzes temporal trends, category characteristics, and shifts in core public concerns regarding immunization consultations in Suzhou from 2018 to 2024, offering evidence to support the optimization of local public health service allocation.

Dedicated professionals answered all calls in real time within a designated room (operating hours: 9:00–17:00), and the full content of each call was recorded. Natural language processing (NLP) was applied for text preprocessing, categorical feature definition, frequency counting, and systematic analysis using Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics were performed and figures were generated using Python 3.12.1.

A total of 76,154 valid records were collected. Annual call volume peaked at 15,365 in 2021 before declining by 80% to 3,025 in 2024. Monthly call volumes were highest between May and September and lowest in January and February. The most common consultation category was assessment form-related inquiries (24,911; 32.71%), followed by vaccination services (15,387; 20.21%) and vaccination policies (15,026; 19.73%). The most frequently consulted vaccines were the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and the rabies vaccine (RV).

The hotline served as a direct communication channel between the public and government, accurately reflecting dynamic shifts in public immunization demands while providing actionable support for immunization program. The evolving pattern of public vaccination concerns demonstrates measurable improvements in the quality and efficiency of immunization program in Suzhou.

Metabolic health status plays a central role in the development of a broad spectrum of chronic diseases. Yet existing assessment approaches rely on comparatively complex measurement techniques, which constrain their widespread adoption and limits their utility in population-based metabolic health management.

The research employed a two-phase approach to construct a metabolic health index. We conducted a Delphi consultation to define and prioritize key metabolic health indicators, then drew on data from the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance, linked to the national mortality surveillance system, and built Cox proportional hazards models to estimate indicator-specific weights. Using these weights, we developed the Metabolic Health Index (MHI) and established a classification system to stratify metabolic health subtypes. We subsequently analyzed MHI score distributions and subtype prevalence across population subgroups.

The Delphi process identified 11 indicators for inclusion in the model: age, smoking, alcohol consumption, body-mass index, waist-to-height ratio, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, serum uric acid, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, and family history of metabolic diseases. Applying the classification system, we identified 13 metabolic health subtypes across 7 categories. MHI scores declined with age, and females consistently outscored males across all age groups. Over half of the participants (54.5%) had relatively high MHI scores, and the proportion with higher scores decreased with age.

The MHI converts population health data into a quantitative metric for assessing metabolic health in adults and provides a practical approach for public health practice across diverse regions and settings.