Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important vector-borne disease in rural areas of western China. The spreading of VL made its prevention and control become more complicated.

The number of VL cases decreased from 2015 (n=498) to 2019 (n=166). However, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) cases increased from 2015 (n=82, 16.5%) to 2019 (n=122, 73.5%). In addition, both number and proportion of imported cases increased from 2015 (n=18, 3.6%) to 2019 (n=41, 24.7%). The re-emergence of MT-ZVL was considerable; 13 historically-endemic counties reported 48 indigenous cases. Infants and young children were the high risk population of VL (848, 62.4%) followed by farmers (303, 22.3%).

Both MT-ZVL and imported cases showed an increasing trend in China. Therefore, two actions are needed to control VL: 1) to prevent re-emergence and spreading of MT-ZVL; and 2) to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment to avoid fatal VL cases, especially in non-endemic areas.

What is already known on this topic?

Triatomines, also known as kissing bugs, are widespread vectors for Chagas disease which affects 6–8 million people worldwide. Two species of triatomines have been previously reported in China.

What is added by this report?

This study showed data from the first investigation of triatomine distribution in China. Triatoma rubrofasciata and a novel species of triatomine in 170 habitats in 30 cities in southern China were recorded in this investigation.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Considering the worldwide spread of Chagas disease and new species of trypanosomiasis, strengthening the monitoring of triatomines and their associated diseases in southern China is vital to prevent and control these diseases.