Jiachen Zhao; Lipeng Liu; Lili Li; Dan Wu; Chunna Ma; Yimeng Liu; Weixian Shi; Xiaomin Peng; Shujuan Cui; Daitao Zhang; Guilan Lu; Jiachen Zhao; Lipeng Liu; Lili Li; Dan Wu; Chunna Ma; Yimeng Liu; Weixian Shi; Xiaomin Peng; Shujuan Cui; Daitao Zhang; Guilan Lu

doi:10.46234/ccdcw2025.233

[1]

Martinez-Sobrido L, Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Fitzgerald T, Zhang HY, Nguyen P, et al. Characterizing emerging canine H3 influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020;16(4):e1008409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008409.

[2]

Qi T, Guo W, Huang WQ, Dai LL, Zhao LP, Li HM, et al. Isolation and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus from donkeys in China. Vet Microbiol 2010;144(3-4):455 − 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.006.

[3]

Miño S, Mojsiejczuk L, Guo W, Zhang HL, Qi T, Du C, et al. Equine influenza virus in Asia: phylogeographic pattern and molecular features reveal circulation of an autochthonous lineage. J Virol 2019;93(13):e00116 − 19. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00116-19.

[4]

Tu JG, Zhou HB, Jiang TZ, Li C, Zhang AD, Guo XB, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Arch Virol 2009;154(5):887 − 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0381-1.

[5]

Karlsson EA, Ip HS, Hall JS, Yoon SW, Johnson J, Beck MA, et al. Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal. Nat Commun 2014;5:4791. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5791.

[6]

Yang RG, Sun HL, Gao F, Luo KW, Huang Z, Tong Q, et al. Human infection of avian influenza A H3N8 virus and the viral origins: a descriptive study. Lancet Microbe 2022;3(11):e824 − 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00192-6.

[7]

Feng XQ, Li LM, Wang J, Wu GS, Li Y. One case of severe pneumonia and death from H3N8 influenza in human. Chin J Lab Med 2023;46(9):950 − 4. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn114452-20230423-00209.

[8]

Zhang H, Han SY, Wang B, Xing YN, Yuan GH, Wang Y, et al. Genetic characterization and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus H3N8 isolated from Chinese pond heron in China in 2021. Viruses 2023;15(2):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020383.

[9]

Wang JL, Li XY, Fan J, Guo J, Deng GH, Shi JZ, et al. Sequence analysis and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in mice. Chin J Prev Vet Med 2013;35(8):663 − 5. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0589.2013.08.15.

[10]

Yang JY, Yang L, Zhu WF, Wang DY, Shu YL. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of the H3 subtype avian influenza viruses in China. China CDC Wkly 2021;3(44):929 − 36. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.225.

[11]

Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenström J, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science 2006;312(5772):384 − 8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122438.

[12]

Yang JY, Zhang Y, Yang L, Li XY, Bo H, Liu J, et al. Evolution of avian influenza virus (H3) with spillover into humans, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2023;29(6):1191 − 201. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2906.221786.

[13]

Perdue ML, Latimer J, Greene C, Holt P. Consistent occurrence of hemagglutinin variants among avian influenza virus isolates of the H7 subtype. Virus Res 1994;34(1):15 − 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(94)90116-3.

[14]

Fan SF, Deng GH, Song JS, Tian GB, Suo YB, Jiang YP, et al. Two amino acid residues in the matrix protein M1 contribute to the virulence difference of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice. Virology 2009;384(1):28 − 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.044.

[15]

Sun YP, Hu Z, Zhang XX, Chen MY, Wang Z, Xu GL, et al. An R195K mutation in the PA-X protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza A virus in mammalian hosts. J Virol 2020;94(11):e01817 − 19. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01817-19.

[16]

Mei K, Liu G, Chen ZZ, Gao ZM, Zhao LH, Jin T, et al. Deep sequencing reveals the viral adaptation process of environment-derived H10N8 in mice. Infect Genet Evol 2016;37:8 − 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.016.

[17]

Carnaccini S, Perez DR. H9 influenza viruses: an emerging challenge. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020;10(6):a038588. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a038588.

[18]

Zhuang YL, Wang M, Liang LJ, Mao YX, Wang KB, Yang SH, et al. First known human death after infection with the avian influenza A/H3N8 virus: Guangdong Province, China, March 2023. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78(3):646 − 50. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad462.

[19]

Shen Y, Liu YH, Krafft T, Wang QY. Progress and challenges in infectious disease surveillance and early warning. Med Plus 2025;2(1):100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2025.100071.