[1] Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71(3):209 − 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660CrossRef
[2] Edwards BK, Ward E, Kohler BA, Eheman C, Zauber AG, Anderson RN, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer 2010;116(3):544 − 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24760CrossRef
[3] Knudsen AB, Rutter CM, Peterse EFP, Lietz AP, Seguin CL, Meester RGS, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: an updated modeling study for the US preventive services task force. JAMA 2021;325(19):1998 − 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5746CrossRef
[4] Lin JS, Perdue LA, Henrikson NB, Bean SI, Blasi PR. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA 2021;325(19):1978 − 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.4417CrossRef
[5] National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Development of China’s Health Cause and Progress of Human Rights. 2017. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/mtbd/201709/f64f545c819b4512bd44378f1fcc7ee1.shtml. [2022-01-08]. (In Chinese). http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/mtbd/201709/f64f545c819b4512bd44378f1fcc7ee1.shtml
[6] Zhu YF, Li QL, Huang YQ, Zhu YS, Dong Q, Ding KF. From rural practice to national strategy for colorectal cancer screening in China——Mr. Zheng Shu who is a pioneer and practitioner. Chin J Gastrointest Surg 2021;24(1):43 − 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn.441530-20201225-00683 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[7] Chen HD, Li N, Ren JS, Feng XS, Lyu ZY, Wei LP, et al. Participation and yield of a population-based colorectal cancer screening programme in China. Gut 2019;68(8):1450 − 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317124CrossRef
[8] Cao MM, Li H, Sun DQ, He SY, Yu YW, Li J, et al. Cancer screening in China: the current status, challenges, and suggestions. Cancer Lett 2021;506:120 − 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.017CrossRef
[9] Li YQ. A new mode of colorectal cancer screening in China: opportunistic screening. Chin Med News 2020;35(22):18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-8039.2020.22.133 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[10] Yeoh KG, Ho KY, Chiu HM, Zhu F, Ching JYL, Wu DC, et al. The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening score: a validated tool that stratifies risk for colorectal advanced neoplasia in asymptomatic Asian subjects. Gut 2011;60(9):1236 − 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.221168CrossRef
[11] Cai QC, Yu ED, Xiao Y, Bai WY, Chen X, He LP, et al. Derivation and validation of a prediction rule for estimating advanced colorectal neoplasm risk in average-risk Chinese. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175(6):584 − 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr337CrossRef
[12] Wong MC, Lam TYT, Tsoi KKF, Hirai HW, Chan VCW, Ching JYL, et al. A validated tool to predict colorectal neoplasia and inform screening choice for asymptomatic subjects. Gut 2014;63(7):1130 − 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305639CrossRef
[13] Ye D, Huang QC, Li QL, Jiang XY, Mamat M, Tang ML, et al. Comparative evaluation of preliminary screening methods for colorectal cancer in a mass program. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62(9):2532 − 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-017-4648-1CrossRef
[14] Sung JJY, Wong MCS, Lam TYT, Tsoi KKF, Chan VCW, Cheung W, et al. A modified colorectal screening score for prediction of advanced neoplasia: a prospective study of 5744 subjects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33(1):187 − 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13835CrossRef
[15] Hull MA, Rees CJ, Sharp L, Koo S. A risk-stratified approach to colorectal cancer prevention and diagnosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17(12):773 − 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-00368-3CrossRef
[16] Chiu HM, Ching JYL, Wu KC, Rerknimitr R, Li JN, Wu DC, et al. A risk-scoring system combined with a fecal immunochemical test is effective in screening high-risk subjects for early colonoscopy to detect advanced colorectal neoplasms. Gastroenterology 2016;150(3):617 − 25.e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.042CrossRef
[17] Chen HD, Lu M, Liu CC, Zou SM, Du LB, Liao XZ, et al. Comparative evaluation of participation and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy vs fecal immunochemical test vs risk-adapted screening in colorectal cancer screening: interim analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial (TARGET-C). Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115(8):1264 − 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000624CrossRef
[18] Colon Cancer Society of China Anti-Cancer Association. Expert consensus on early diagnosis and screening strategies for colorectal cancer in China. Chin J Gastrointest Surg 2018;21(10):1081 − 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0274.2018.10.001 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[19] Cooperative Group for Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Cancer of Digestive System, Branch of Digestive Endoscopy, Chinese Medical Association, Digestive Tract Tumor Cooperation Group, Gastroenterology Branch, Chinese Medical Association, Enterology Group, Digestive Endoscopy Branch, Chinese Medical Association, et al. Consensus on screening, diagnosis and treatment of early colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions in China (2014, Chongqing). Chin J Dig Endosc 2015;32(2):69 − 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-5232.2015.02.001 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[20] National Cancer Center of China. China guideline for the screening, early detection and early treatment of colorectal cancer (2020, Beijing). Chin J Oncol 2021;43(1):16 − 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20210105-00010 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[21] National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, National Early Gastrointestinal-Cancer Prevention & Treatment Center Alliance (GECA), Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopy, et al. Chinese consensus of early colorectal cancer screening (2019, Shanghai). Chin J Intern Med 2019;58(10):736 − 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-5232.2019.10.001 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[22] Digestive Endoscopy Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Tumor Endoscopy of China Anti Cancer Association. Chinese guidelines for early colorectal cancer screening and endoscopic diagnosis and treatment (2014, Beijing). Chin J Dig Endosc 2015;32(6):341 − 60. http://rs.yiigle.com/CN321463201506/861785.htm. (In Chinese). http://rs.yiigle.com/CN321463201506/861785.htm
[23] Chinese Society of Gastroenterology. Consensus on colorectal cancer screening, early diagnosis and treatment and comprehensive prevention in China. Chin J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;20(11):979 − 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2011.11.001 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[24] Chinese Society of Oncology. Expert consensus on early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in China. Natl Med J China 2020;100(22):1691 − 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20190924-02103 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[25] Tian JB, Wen Y, Yang ZY, Zheng YD, Wu Z, Li J, et al. Quality assessment of global colorectal cancer screening guidelines and consensus. Chin J Epidemiol 2021;42(2):248 − 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200902-01119 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[26] Peng L, Balavarca Y, Weigl K, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Head-to-head comparison of the performance of 17 risk models for predicting presence of advanced neoplasms in colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114(9):1520 − 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000370CrossRef
[27] Marcuello M, Vymetalkova V, Neves RPL, Duran-Sanchon S, Vedeld HM, Tham E, et al. Circulating biomarkers for early detection and clinical management of colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019;69:107 − 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.002CrossRef
[28] Jover R, Zapater P, Bujanda L, Hernández V, Cubiella J, Pellisé M, et al. Endoscopist characteristics that influence the quality of colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2016;48(3):241 − 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-100185CrossRef
[29] Wang H, Huang HY, Liu CC, Bai FZ, Zhu J, Wang L, et al. Health economic evidence for colorectal cancer screening programs in China: an update from 2009-2018. Chin J Epidemiol 2020;41(3):429 − 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.03.028 (In Chinese). CrossRef
[30] Lieberman DA. Targeted colon cancer screening: a concept whose time has almost come. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87(9):1085 − 93.
[31] Naber SK, Kundu S, Kuntz KM, Dotson WD, Williams MS, Zauber AG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified colorectal cancer screening based on polygenic risk: current status and future potential. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2020;4(1):pkz086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz086CrossRef
[32] Jeon J, Du MM, Schoen RE, Hoffmeister M, Newcomb PA, Berndt SI, et al. Determining risk of colorectal cancer and starting age of screening based on lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2018;154(8):2152 − 64.e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.021CrossRef
[33] Senore C, Zappa M, Campari C, Crotta S, Armaroli P, Arrigoni A, et al. Faecal haemoglobin concentration among subjects with negative FIT results is associated with the detection rate of neoplasia at subsequent rounds: a prospective study in the context of population based screening programmes in Italy. Gut 2020;69(3):523 − 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318198CrossRef
[34] Auge JM, Pellise M, Escudero JM, Hernandez C, Andreu M, Grau J, et al. Risk stratification for advanced colorectal neoplasia according to fecal hemoglobin concentration in a colorectal cancer screening program. Gastroenterology 2014;147(3):628 − 36.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.008CrossRef
[35] Cooper JA, Parsons N, Stinton C, Mathews C, Smith S, Halloran SP, et al. Risk-adjusted colorectal cancer screening using the FIT and routine screening data: development of a risk prediction model. Br J Cancer 2018;118(2):285 − 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.375CrossRef
[36] Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Levin TR, Lavin P, Lidgard GP, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2014;370(14):1287 − 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311194.CrossRef
[37] Dadkhah E, Sikaroodi M, Korman L, Hardi R, Baybick J, Hanzel D, et al. Gut microbiome identifies risk for colorectal polyps. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019;6(1):e000297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000297CrossRef
[38] Church TR, Wandell M, Lofton-Day C, Mongin SJ, Burger M, Payne SR, et al. Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. Gut 2014;63(2):317 − 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304149CrossRef
[39] Peterse EFP, Meester RGS, de Jonge L, Omidvari AH, Alarid-Escudero F, Knudsen AB, et al. Comparing the cost-effectiveness of innovative colorectal cancer screening tests. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113(2):154 − 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djaa103CrossRef
[40] Wang P, Liu XG, Berzin TM, Brown JRB, Liu PX, Zhou C, et al. Effect of a deep-learning computer-aided detection system on adenoma detection during colonoscopy (CADe-DB trial): a double-blind randomised study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5(4):343 − 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30411-XCrossRef
[41] Wang P, Berzin TM, Brown JRG, Bharadwaj S, Becq A, Xiao X, et al. Real-time automatic detection system increases colonoscopic polyp and adenoma detection rates: a prospective randomised controlled study. Gut 2019;68(10):1813 − 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317500CrossRef