[1] WHO. World malaria report 2025. 2025. https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025. [2025-9-3].
[2] Atieli HE, Zhou GF, Lee MC, Kweka EJ, Afrane Y, Mwanzo I, et al. Topography as a modifier of breeding habitats and concurrent vulnerability to malaria risk in the western Kenya highlands. Parasit Vectors 2011;4(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-241.
[3] Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Khan GA, Kainat B, Ahmed B, Shah J, et al. Modeling the effect of climatic conditions and topography on malaria incidence using Poisson regression: a Retrospective study in Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Front Microbiol 2024;14:1303087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303087.
[4] Umer MF, Zofeen S, Majeed A, Hu WB, Qi X, Zhuang GH. Effects of socio-environmental factors on malaria infection in Pakistan: a Bayesian spatial analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(8):1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081365.
[5] Dabaro D, Birhanu Z, Negash A, Hawaria D, Yewhalaw D. Effects of rainfall, temperature and topography on malaria incidence in elimination targeted district of Ethiopia. Malar J 2021;20(1):104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03641-1.
[6] Hay SI, Snow RW. The malaria Atlas Project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med 2006;3(12):e473. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473.
[7] Kouame RMA, Edi AVC, Cain RJ, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ, Sedda L. Joint spatial modelling of malaria incidence and vector's abundance shows heterogeneity in malaria-vector geographical relationships. J Appl Ecol 2024;61(2):365 − 78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14565.
[8] Bødker R, Akida J, Shayo D, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA, Pedersen EM, et al. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. J Med Entomol 2003;40(5):706 − 17. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-40.5.706.
[9] Tompkins AM, Ermert V. A regional-scale, high resolution dynamical malaria model that accounts for population density, climate and surface hydrology. Malar J 2013;12(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-65.
[10] Fatima SH, Zaidi F, Rafiq J, Bhandari D, Ali A, Bi P. Impact of temperatures on malaria incidence in vulnerable regions of Pakistan: empirical evidence and future projections. Epidemiol Infect 2025;153:e33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268825000111.