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Approximately 50% of patients with mpox are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected globally. Studies have shown that individuals with advanced HIV infection tend to have more severe clinical manifestations and higher mortality rates after mpox infection.
The study revealed that individuals living with HIV have a low level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) towards mpox. Several factors, including age, registered residence, sexual orientation, education level, viral load, and co-occurrence of other sexually transmitted diseases, were found to influence the KAP towards mpox.
This study is the first to investigate the KAP of mpox among individuals living with HIV. The findings suggest that mpox health education should prioritize individuals with co-existing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and a high viral load.
On July 23, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkeypox (mpox) outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” Since 2022, outbreaks of mpox in many countries around the world have primarily resulted in fatalities among immunocompromised individuals, such as untreated HIV/AIDS patients. Since the eradication of smallpox was declared by the WHO in 1980, the global vaccination against smallpox has been gradually discontinued. China also stopped routine smallpox vaccination in 1981. The protective effect of the smallpox vaccine has decreased over time due to aging and declining immunity in those who were vaccinated. For individuals, timely vaccination against smallpox is an effective means of protection against mpox. However, due to safety concerns with the smallpox vaccine and the limitations of current mpox vaccines, there is no vaccine that is safe, effective, and has low side effects applied in clinical settings. This article provides a comprehensive review of the development of mpox virus (MPXV) vaccines, their application in special populations, and the current state of vaccine research, considering the etiology, transmission, and prevention of the MPXV. Vaccination, as an effective method of epidemic prevention, can provide long-term immune protection and effectively reduce the severity of infection. However, as there is no licensed specific MPXV vaccine available globally, the vaccines currently used for mpox prevention are mostly smallpox vaccines. These smallpox vaccines can offer some degree of protection against mpox by activating cross-protection in the body.
The prevalence of monkeypox (mpox) infections is primarily observed among young men who engage in sexual activities with other men, and there is a possibility of sexual transmission. Co-occurring sexually transmitted infections have also been documented.
In this report, we present a case of a patient in China who was simultaneously diagnosed with mpox, and acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The patient exhibited symptoms of fever and widespread papules on the trunk, face, and genital area.
It is crucial for health agencies to prioritize HIV testing when mpox is suspected or diagnosed in individuals with recent engagement in high-risk sexual behavior.